Adaptation and Preliminary Validation of the Fear of Coronavirus Vaccination Scale in the Prospective Study among a Representative Sample of Polish, Israeli, Slovenian, and German Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Fear of Coronavirus Vaccination
2.3.2. COVID-19 Vaccination Status
2.3.3. Fear of COVID-19
2.3.4. Physical Health
2.3.5. Life Satisfaction
2.3.6. Perceived Stress
2.3.7. Anxiety
2.3.8. Depression
2.3.9. Sociodemographic Data
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis for Fear of Vaccination Scale during T1
3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Fear of Vaccination Scale during T2
3.3. Multigroup Analysis of Invariance
3.4. Concurrent Validity of the FoCVVS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
ITEM | CONTENT |
---|---|
FoCVV_1 | I am most afraid of a vaccine for COVID-19. |
FoCVV_2 | It makes me uncomfortable to think about a vaccine for COVID-19. |
FoCVV_3 | My hands become clammy when I think about a vaccine for COVID-19. |
FoCVV_4 | I am afraid of losing my life because of a vaccine for COVID-19. |
FoCVV_5 | When I watch news and stories about a vaccine for COVID-19 on social media, I become nervous or anxious. |
FoCVV_6 | I cannot sleep because I’m worried about taking a vaccine for COVID-19. |
FoCVV_7 | My heart races or palpitates when I think about taking a vaccine for COVID-19. |
FoCVV_1 | Ich habe größte Angst vor einem Impfstoff gegen COVID-19. |
FoCVV_2 | Ich fühle mich unbehaglich, wenn ich über einen Impfstoff gegen COVID-19 nachdenke. |
FoCVV_3 | Meine Hände werden feucht, wenn ich über einen Impfstoff gegen COVID-19 denke. |
FoCVV_4 | Ich habe Angst, mein Leben wegen eines Impfstoffs gegen COVID-19 zu verlieren. |
FoCVV_5 | Wenn ich Nachrichten und Geschichten über einen Impfstoff gegen COVID-19 in den sozialen Medien sehe, werde ich nervös oder ängstlich. |
FoCVV_6 | Ich kann nicht schlafen, weil ich mir Sorgen mache, einen Impfstoff gegen COVID-19 nehmen zu müssen. |
FoCVV_7 | Mein Herz rast und klopft, wenn ich daran denke, einen Impfstoff gegen COVID-19 nehmen zu müssen. |
FoCVV_1 | -אני מפחד מאד מחיסון ל COVID-19 |
FoCVV_2 | -המחשבה על חיסון ל COVID-19 גורמת לי לאי נוחות |
FoCVV_3 | -כפות הידיים שלי מזיעות כאשר שאני חושב על חיסון ל COVID-19 |
FoCVV_4 | -אני חושש לאבד את חיי בעקבות חיסון ל COVID-19 |
FoCVV_5 | -כשאני צופה בחדשות וסיפורים על חיסון ל COVID-19 החברתיות, אני נהיה עצבני או חרד. ברשתות |
FoCVV_6 | -אני לא מצליח לישון כי אני מודאג מהתחסנות ל COVID-19 |
FoCVV_7 | -הלב שלי פועם בחוזקה או רועד כאשר אני חושב להתחסן ל COVID-19 |
FoCVV_1 | Bardzo boję się szczepienia na koronawirusa. |
FoCVV_2 | Czuję się nieswojo, gdy myślę o szczepieniu na koronawirusa. |
FoCVV_3 | Moje dłonie stają się wilgotne, gdy myślę o szczepieniuna koronawirusa. |
FoCVV_4 | Boję się, że stracę życie z powodu szczepienia na koronawirusa. |
FoCVV_5 | Gdy oglądam wiadomości lub historie o szczepionce na koronawirusa w mediach społecznościowych, denerwuję się lub niepokoję. |
FoCVV_6 | Nie mogę spać, gdyż martwię się, że mogę otrzymać szczepionkę na koronawirusa. |
FoCVV_7 | Serce wali mi jak młotem, gdy myślę o zaszczepieniu na koronawirusa. |
FoCVV_1 | Zelo se bojim cepiva proti COVID-19. |
FoCVV_2 | Ob razmišljanju na cepivo proti COVID-19 se počutim nelagodno. |
FoCVV_3 | Ko pomislim na cepivo proti COVID-19, se mi začnejo potiti dlani. |
FoCVV_4 | Bojim se, da lahko zaradi cepiva proti COVID-19 izgubim svoje življenje. |
FoCVV_5 | Ko gledam novice ali zgodbe o cepivu proti COVID-19 na socialnih omrežjih, postanem živčen/-a ali nemiren/-a. |
FoCVV_6 | Zaradi skrbi o cepivu proti COVID-19 ne morem spati. |
FoCVV_7 | Ko pomislim na to, da bi se cepil/-a proti koronavirusu, mi začne srce močno biti oz. poskakovati. |
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Country | Item | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Factor | Uniq. | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Uniq. | ||
Germany | FoCVV_1 | 0.68 | 0.54 | 0.92 | 0.20 | |
FoCVV_2 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.37 | ||
FoCVV_3 | 0.83 | 0.31 | 0.71 | 0.33 | ||
FoCVV_4 | 0.78 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 0.35 | ||
FoCVV_5 | 0.82 | 0.33 | 0.57 | 0.35 | ||
FoCVV_6 | 0.87 | 0.23 | 0.99 | 0.16 | ||
FoCVV_7 | 0.89 | 0.21 | 1.01 | 0.13 | ||
Israel | FoCVV_1 | 0.69 | 0.53 | 0.94 | 0.20 | |
FoCVV_2 | 0.70 | 0.51 | 0.99 | 0.14 | ||
FoCVV_3 | 0.83 | 0.30 | 0.87 | 0.26 | ||
FoCVV_4 | 0.79 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.37 | ||
FoCVV_5 | 0.77 | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.38 | ||
FoCVV_6 | 0.87 | 0.24 | 0.93 | 0.18 | ||
FoCVV_7 | 0.87 | 0.24 | 0.95 | 0.16 | ||
Poland | FoCVV_1 | 0.71 | 0.50 | 0.88 | 0.26 | |
FoCVV_2 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 0.92 | 0.23 | ||
FoCVV_3 | 0.84 | 0.29 | 0.66 | 0.30 | ||
FoCVV_4 | 0.78 | 0.39 | 0.65 | 0.33 | ||
FoCVV_5 | 0.75 | 0.44 | 0.64 | 0.39 | ||
FoCVV_6 | 0.85 | 0.28 | 0.94 | 0.14 | ||
FoCVV_7 | 0.86 | 0.26 | 0.95 | 0.11 | ||
Slovenia | FoCVV_1 | 0.65 | 0.58 | 0.80 | 0.30 | |
FoCVV_2 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.93 | 0.22 | ||
FoCVV_3 | 0.87 | 0.24 | 0.74 | 0.27 | ||
FoCVV_4 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.38 | ||
FoCVV_5 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.42 | 0.57 | ||
FoCVV_6 | 0.82 | 0.33 | 0.93 | 0.22 | ||
FoCVV_7 | 0.88 | 0.22 | 0.92 | 0.14 |
Model | Latent Construct | Item | Loadings | α | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Fear of Vaccination | FoCVV_1 | 0.72 *** | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.65 |
FoCVV_2 | 0.71 *** | |||||
FoCVV_3 | 0.86 *** | |||||
FoCVV_4 | 0.81 *** | |||||
FoCVV_5 | 0.79 *** | |||||
FoCVV_6 | 0.86 *** | |||||
FoCVV_7 | 0.89 *** | |||||
2 | Factor 1 Physiological | FoCVV_3 | 0.90 *** | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.71 |
FoCVV_6 | 0.86 *** | |||||
FoCVV_7 | 0.91 *** | |||||
Factor 2 Emotional | FoCVV_1 | 0.78 *** | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.80 | |
FoCVV_2 | 0.77 *** | |||||
FoCVV_4 | 0.91 *** | |||||
FoCVV_5 | 0.91 *** | |||||
3 | Fear of Vaccination | Factor 1 | 0.86 *** | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.80 |
Factor 2 | 0.93 *** | |||||
Factor 1 Physiological | FoCVV_3 | 0.90 *** | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.71 | |
FoCVV_6 | 0.86 *** | |||||
FoCVV_7 | 0.91 *** | |||||
Factor 2 Emotional | FoCVV_1 | 0.78 *** | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.80 | |
FoCVV_2 | 0.77 *** | |||||
FoCVV_4 | 0.91 *** | |||||
FoCVV_5 | 0.91 *** |
Model | χ2 | df | χ2/df | CFI | SRMR | RMSEA | AIC | BIC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (one-factor) | 1543.504 | 14 | 110.250 | 0.847 | 0.090 | 0.252 | 1571.504 | 1647.829 |
2 (two-factor) | 32.784 | 6 | 5.464 | 0.997 | 0.011 | 0.051 | 76.784 | 196.724 |
3 (second-order two-factor) | 32.784 | 6 | 5.464 | 0.980 | 0.011 | 0.051 | 76.058 | 195.998 |
Model Fit Index | German | Hebrew Model 3 CFA | Polish Model 3 CFA | Slovenian Model 3 CFA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 3 CFA | Model 2 EFA | ||||
χ2 (df) | 6.14 (5) | 33.53 (7) | 12.21(6) | 23.80 (6) | 17.00 (5) |
χ2 p-value | 0.29 | <0.001 | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
CFI | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
TLI | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 |
RMSEA | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
RMSEA 90% CI LB | <0.001 | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
RMSEA 90% CI UB | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
RMSEA p-value | 0.75 | 0.01 | 0.46 | 0.06 | 0.12 |
SRMR | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
AIC | 7151.40 | 7174.80 | 6402.36 | 7181.57 | 7732.84 |
BIC | 7244.22 | 7259.54 | 6491.66 | 7271.78 | 7826.36 |
Models | χ2 (df) | χ2/df | p | SRMR | RMSEA (90% CI) | CFI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Baseline | 32.058 (6) | 5.343 | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.050 (0.034–0.068) | 0.980 |
Gender invariance | |||||||
A | Women | 18.952 (6) | 3.159 | <0.01 | 0.009 | 0.048 (0.025–0.073) | 0.982 |
B | Men | 26.886 (6) | 4.481 | <0.001 | 0.013 | 0.067 (0.042–0.093) | 0.965 |
1 | MI configural | 47.339 (12) | 3.945 | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.041 (0.029–0.054) | 0.996 |
2 | MI metric | 50.790 (17) | 2.988 | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.034 (0.023–0.045) | 0.997 |
3 | MI scalar | 50.791 (18) | 2.822 | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.033 (0.022–0.043) | 0.997 |
4 | MI strict | 54.341 (20) | 2.717 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.032 (0.022–0.042) | 0.997 |
Country invariance | |||||||
C | German | 6.042 (6) | 1.007 | 0.419 | 0.006 | 0.004 (0.000–0.064) | 1.000 |
D | Hebrew | 9.743 (6) | 1.624 | 0.136 | 0.010 | 0.038 (0.000–0.080) | 0.989 |
E | Polish | 21.968 (6) | 3.661 | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.077 (0.044–0.113) | 0.956 |
F | Slovenian | 16.387 (6) | 2.731 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.063 (0.028–0.101) | 0.966 |
5 | MI configural | 56.811(24) | 2.367 | <0.001 | 0.014 | 0.028 (0.019–0.038) | 0.997 |
6 | MI metric | 159.573 (39) | 4.092 | <0.001 | 0.019 | 0.042 (0.036–0.049) | 0.988 |
7 | MI scalar | 436.782 (60) | 7.280 | <0.001 | 0.019 | 0.060 (0.055–0.066) | 0.962 |
8 | MI strict | 499.097 (69) | 7.233 | <0.001 | 0.022 | 0.060 (0.055–0.065) | 0.957 |
Bootstrap 95% CI | Bootstrap 95% CI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | b | SE b | Lower | Upper | t | p | β | Lower | Upper |
Intercept | 5.38 | 1.11 | 3.20 | 7.56 | 4.84 | <0.001 | |||
Fear of coronavirus vaccination | 0.57 | 0.03 | 0.52 | 0.62 | 22.10 | <0.001 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.61 |
Fear of COVID-19 | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.19 | 0.14 | −0.27 | 0.788 | −0.01 | −0.05 | 0.04 |
Physical health | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 3.05 | 0.002 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
Life satisfaction | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.761 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.05 |
Stress | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.70 | 0.485 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.08 |
Anxiety | −0.02 | 0.06 | −0.14 | 0.10 | −0.26 | 0.797 | −0.01 | −0.10 | 0.08 |
Depression | 0.04 | 0.05 | −0.06 | 0.13 | 0.78 | 0.436 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.12 |
Vaccination status | −2.91 | 0.32 | −3.54 | −2.29 | −9.15 | <0 .001 | −0.40 | −0.48 | −0.31 |
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Ochnik, D.; Rogowska, A.M.; Benatov, J.; Arzenšek, A. Adaptation and Preliminary Validation of the Fear of Coronavirus Vaccination Scale in the Prospective Study among a Representative Sample of Polish, Israeli, Slovenian, and German Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11587. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811587
Ochnik D, Rogowska AM, Benatov J, Arzenšek A. Adaptation and Preliminary Validation of the Fear of Coronavirus Vaccination Scale in the Prospective Study among a Representative Sample of Polish, Israeli, Slovenian, and German Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11587. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811587
Chicago/Turabian StyleOchnik, Dominika, Aleksandra M. Rogowska, Joy Benatov, and Ana Arzenšek. 2022. "Adaptation and Preliminary Validation of the Fear of Coronavirus Vaccination Scale in the Prospective Study among a Representative Sample of Polish, Israeli, Slovenian, and German Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11587. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811587