Monitoring of Thermal Comfort and Air Quality for Sustainable Energy Management inside Hospitals Based on Online Analytical Processing and the Internet of Things
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Thermal Comfort and Air Quality in Hospitals
2. Chilean Public Hospital System
2.1. Classification of Public Hospitals
2.2. Care Protocol of a Chilean Public Hospital of High Complexity
2.3. Characterization of the Energy Matrix in a Highly Complex Hospital
2.4. Motivation
3. Materials and Methods
- Design a cyber–physical conceptual model that can be implemented in the hospital and that allows efficient decision-making.
- Create conceptual and logical models of multidimensional databases that will allow the subsequent implementation of computer systems.
4. Hospital Cyber–Physical System
4.1. IoT Platform as a Cyber–Physical System
4.2. Design of the Cyber–Physical System
5. Monitoring System for Thermal Comfort and IAQ in a Hospital
5.1. Main IoT Platform Components
5.2. Data Processing and Indicator Management Sub-System
- Physical location: Refers to buildings within well-defined limits, which are made up of multiple and different types of dependencies, which are intended to provide public use services for different types of people.
- Spaces: They are specific dependencies belonging to and contained within an enclosure, which are used by certain types of people (users). Usually, each space has one or more specific functions designed to satisfy all or part of the needs of the direct or indirect users of the site.
- Activities: These are specific functions that are within the work or service, which are developed by people or machiNES under the supervision of specialized personnel and have the purpose of providing direct or indirect service for the benefit of users to whom the venue is dedicated.
- Temporality: Provides temporal anchoring information that allows all the information contained in the system to be accurately located in time, to reflect different states of the reality of the premises, depending on the different needs for analysis time required by the different monitoring and follow-up procedures.
5.3. Multidimensional Sub-System
- Additive (or fractional) indicators: These are those in which the computation formula complies with the additivity property [83] or if it is possible to break it down into simpler expressions that do. This allows them to be obtained directly through a single OLAP operation from a multidimensional cube with aggregated information.
- Non-additive indicators: These are those indicators whose formula does not admit a decomposition into additive components. From this group, we will be particularly interested in those indicators whose computation is possible in two stages, where the first stage (much more demanding in terms of volume of data and number of computations) can be calculated from summaries contained in the database and, in the second stage, the partial results can be used to obtain the final value of the indicator.
6. Discussion of Results
6.1. Feasibility of Technological Infrastructure
6.2. Installation of the Environmental Data Collection Platform
6.3. Computer Platform for Monitoring Environmental Indicators
6.4. Limitations
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CHOH | Ethanol |
CO | Carbon Monoxide |
CO | Carbon Dioxide |
CPS | Cyber–Physical System |
ETL | Extract, Transform and Load |
GDP | Gross Domestic Production |
GHG | Greenhouse Gas |
HVAC | Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning |
IAQ | Indoor Air Quality |
ICS | Information and Communications Systems |
IoT | Internet of Things |
IP | Internet Protocol |
KPI | Key Performance Indicator |
MAF | Multiple Aggregation Function |
NES | National Electricity System |
NO | Nitrogen Dioxide |
NOx | Nitrogen Oxides |
OECD | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
OLAP | On-Line Analytical Processing |
OPC UA | Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture |
PM | Particulate Matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter |
PM | Particulate Matter 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter |
PMV | Predicted Mean Vote |
PoE | Power over Ethernet |
PPD | Percentage of People Dissatisfied |
RH | Relative Humidity |
ROLAP | Relational Online Analytical Processing |
SBC | Sustainable Building Certification |
SDGs | Sustainable Development Goals |
SO | Sulfur Dioxide |
UI | User Interface |
VOC | Volatile Organic Compound |
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Node | Location | Floor | Category | Location Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Data center | 3 | other | Data center |
2 | Ambulatory care center waiting room | 4 | waiting room | Neurology waiting room |
3 | Ambulatory care center waiting room | 4 | waiting room | Otolaryngology-bronchopulmonary waiting room |
4 | Ambulatory care center waiting room | 4 | waiting room | Ophthalmology waiting room |
5 | Ambulatory care center waiting room | 2 | waiting room | Cardiology waiting room |
6 | Ambulatory care center waiting room | 2 | waiting room | Cardiology waiting room |
7 | Auditorium—ambulatory care center | 1 | auditorium | Auditorium—ambulatory care center |
8 | Meeting room—ambulatory care center | 6 | other | Meeting room—ambulatory care center |
9 | Adult emergency waiting room—critical patient tower | 1 | waiting room | Adult medicine emergency-nursing station |
10 | Adult emergency waiting room—critical patient tower | 1 | waiting room | ER corridor |
11 | Adult emergency waiting room—critical patient tower | 1 | waiting room | Emergency waiting room |
12 | Adult emergency waiting room—critical patient tower | 1 | waiting room | Emergency waiting room |
13 | Emergency waiting room for children critical patient tower baseboard | −1 | waiting room | Emergency waiting room for children critical patient tower baseboard |
14 | Emergency waiting room for children critical patient tower baseboard | −1 | waiting room | Emergency waiting room for children critical patient tower baseboard |
15 | Sterilization tower critical patient baseboard | −1 | services | Sterilization tower critical patient baseboard |
16 | Sterilization tower critical patient baseboard | −1 | services | Sterilization tower critical patient baseboard |
17 | General pharmacy | 1 | services | Pharmacy warehouse-central: stores insulin and hormoNES that need refrigeration |
18 | General pharmacy | 1 | services | General pharmacy |
19 | Laundry | 1 | services | Laundry |
20 | Laundry | 1 | services | Laundry |
21 | Feeding | 1 | services | Food Center |
22 | Monoblock | 2 | waiting room | Pensioners—nursing station |
23 | Monoblock | 2 | hallway | pensioners-outside room 22 |
24 | Monoblock | 3 | hallway | Aisle—medicine women |
25 | Monoblock | 3 | hallway | Aisle—ICU covid—room 39 |
26 | Monoblock | 2 | hallway | Aisle (swap 1) |
27 | Monoblock | 4 | hallway | Aisle—delivery room |
28 | Monoblock | 4 | hallway | Aisle obstetric recovery |
29 | Monoblock | 5 | services | Milk dietary Services room |
30 | Monoblock | 5 | hallway | Pediatrics |
31 | Monoblock | 5 | hallway | Neonatology |
32 | Monoblock | 4 | hallway | Gynecology |
33 | Monoblock | 3 | hallway | Pediatrics—critical patient unit |
34 | Pharmacy mix | 5 | services | Pharmacy mix |
35 | Monoblock baseboard mechanical workshop | 1 | services | Monoblock workshop |
Indicador | Description | Additivity | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Ind | Energy consumption per m | Yes | [63] |
Ind | Energy consumption per user | Yes | [63] |
Ind | Installed power | Yes | [63] |
Ind | CO | Yes | [67] |
Ind | Estimated CO generation per person | No | [84] |
Ind | Thermal comfort level | No | [31] |
Ind | Compliance level ASHRAE Standard 62.1 2013 and 170. 2017 | No | [85,86] |
Ind | pm25 standard compliance level | No | [85] |
Ind | pm10 standard compliance level | No | [85] |
Ind | Indoor ambient temperature | Yes | [86] |
Ind | Outdoor ambient temperature | Yes | [86] |
Ind | Perception of thermal comfort vs. number of pathologies | No | Hospital staff |
Ind | Number of COVID-19 infections | Yes | Hospital staff |
Ind | Number of infections Influenza | Yes | Hospital staff |
Ind | Relationship between CO and viral transmission COVID | Yes | Hospital staff |
Ind | Relationship between CO and influenza viral transmission | Yes | Hospital staff |
Dimension | Degree | Hierarchies |
---|---|---|
Time | 5 | |
Building | 2 | |
Activity | 3 | |
Space | 5 |
Specificity | Degree | Hierarchy | Cardinality |
---|---|---|---|
minute | 6 | 7,778,000 | |
hour | 5 | 133,920 | |
tract | 4 | 32,400 |
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Garcés, H.O.; Durán, C.; Espinosa, E.; Jerez, A.; Palominos, F.; Hinojosa, M.; Carrasco, R. Monitoring of Thermal Comfort and Air Quality for Sustainable Energy Management inside Hospitals Based on Online Analytical Processing and the Internet of Things. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12207. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191912207
Garcés HO, Durán C, Espinosa E, Jerez A, Palominos F, Hinojosa M, Carrasco R. Monitoring of Thermal Comfort and Air Quality for Sustainable Energy Management inside Hospitals Based on Online Analytical Processing and the Internet of Things. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12207. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191912207
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcés, Hugo O., Claudia Durán, Eduardo Espinosa, Alejandro Jerez, Fredi Palominos, Marcela Hinojosa, and Raúl Carrasco. 2022. "Monitoring of Thermal Comfort and Air Quality for Sustainable Energy Management inside Hospitals Based on Online Analytical Processing and the Internet of Things" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12207. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191912207