Environmental Changes and the Impact on the Human Infections by Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Viruses in Northern Brazil, 2010–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Annual Accumulated Deforestation
2.4. Occurrence and Intensity of El Niño and La Niña
2.5. Annual Maximum and Minimum Temperature and Precipitations
2.6. Register of Cases of Probable and Confirmed Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika in Tocantins
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Deforestation
3.2. El Niño and La Niña
3.3. Temperatures and Precipitation
3.4. Cases of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika
3.5. Distribution of the Environmental Modifications and Arbovirus Cases between 2010 and 2019
3.6. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Variables | Eigenvectors a | |
---|---|---|
Dim.1 | Dim.2 | |
Amazon Rainforest Defor | 0.412 | 0.851 |
Cerrado Defor | 0.407 | 0.905 |
Max. Temp | 0.982 | 0.002 |
Min. Temp | 0.967 | 0.066 |
Precipitation | 0.767 | −0.141 |
El Niño | 0.882 | −0.475 |
La Niña | 0.580 | −0.354 |
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Marinho, R.d.S.S.; Duro, R.L.S.; Mota, M.T.d.O.; Hunter, J.; Diaz, R.S.; Kawakubo, F.S.; Komninakis, S.V. Environmental Changes and the Impact on the Human Infections by Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Viruses in Northern Brazil, 2010–2019. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12665. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191912665
Marinho RdSS, Duro RLS, Mota MTdO, Hunter J, Diaz RS, Kawakubo FS, Komninakis SV. Environmental Changes and the Impact on the Human Infections by Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Viruses in Northern Brazil, 2010–2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12665. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191912665
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarinho, Robson dos Santos Souza, Rodrigo Lopes Sanz Duro, Mânlio Tasso de Oliveira Mota, James Hunter, Ricardo Sobhie Diaz, Fernando Shinji Kawakubo, and Shirley Vasconcelos Komninakis. 2022. "Environmental Changes and the Impact on the Human Infections by Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Viruses in Northern Brazil, 2010–2019" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12665. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191912665