Degradation of Metalaxyl and Mefenoxam and Effects on the Microbiological Properties of Tropical and Temperate Soils
Abstract
:Introduction
Materials and Methods
Soil
Test Substances
Application of Test Substances in Soil
Degradation Studies
Effect Studies
Degradation Kinetics Studies
Extraction and Clean-up of Incubated Soil Samples
Reverse Phase HPLC Analysis
Chiral HPLC Analysis
Data Calculation
Effect on Nitrogen Transformation
Effects on Enzyme Activities
Statistical Analysis
Results and Discussion
Degradation Studies
Degradation/Transformation of Fungicides in Soils
Enantioselective Degradation of Racemic Metalaxyl in Soils
Effect Studies
Effect on Nitrogen Transformation
Effect on Soil Enzyme Activities
Conclusions
Texture Analysis (USDA) | Sand Clay Loam | Sandy Loam |
---|---|---|
Clay (< 2 μm) (%) | 31 | 5 |
Silt (< 50 - 2μm) (%) | 24 | 23 |
Sand (2000 - 50μm) (%) | 45 | 72 |
pH (water, ratio 1:2.5) | 4.80 | 7.20 |
pH (0.01M CaCl2, ratio 1:2.5) | 4.16 | 6.75 |
Corg. (%) | 3.01 | 1.69 |
Ntot. (%) | 0.17 | 0.09 |
P (mg P2O5/100g dry weight) | 0.11 | 57 |
Cation Exchange Capacity (Meq/100g dry weight) | 9.76 | 8.00 |
Maximum Water Holding Capacity (MWHC) (%) | 54.4 | 34.4 |
Density (g/ml) | 1.35 | 2.50 |
Origin | Yaounde | Monheim |
Minkoameyos | Laacher Hof Axxa | |
Cameroon | Germany | |
Designation | Cameroonian soil (Tropical soil) | German soil (Temperate Soil) |
Soil Type | P-Metalaxyl | F-Metalaxyl | Mefenoxam | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
German | Cameroonian | German | Cameroonian | German | Cameroonian | |
Application rate | 1220.2 | 1297.5 | 1221.0 | 1297.5 | 609 | 642.0 |
Final concentration (μg a.i./100 g of dry soil) | 162.7 | 173.0 | 162.8 | 173.0 | 81.2 | 85.6 |
Fungicide/Day | Mean Concentration (μg/100g of dry soil) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Metalaxyl | R-metalaxyl | S-metalaxyl | Acid Metabolite | |
F-Metalaxyl | ||||
0 | 163 (100%) | 81 (100%) | 81 (100%) | 2.2 (1.3%) |
14 | 93 (57%) | 35 (43%) | 58 (71%) | 44 (27%) |
30 | 54 (53%) | 12 (15%) | 42 (51%) | 80 (49%) |
75 | 4.9 (3.0%) | < 0.05 (<0.05%) | 4.9 (6.1%) | 80 (49%) |
90 | 3.7 (2.3%) | < 0.05 (<0.05%) | 3.7 (4.6%) | 71 (44%) |
120 | 2.2 (1.4%) | < 0.05 (<0.05%) | 2.2 (2.7%) | 50 (31%) |
P-Metalaxyl | ||||
0 | 160 (100%) | 81 (100%) | 81 (100%) | 0.9 (0.55%) |
14 | 97 (60%) | 36 (45%) | 61 (75%) | 47 (29%) |
30 | 60 (37%) | 15 (18%) | 45 (56%) | 93 (57%) |
75 | 5.3 (3.3 %) | < 0.05 (<0.05%) | 5.3 (6.6%) | 86 (53%) |
90 | 4.0 (2.4 %) | < 0.05 (<0.05%) | 4.0 (4.9%) | 80 (49%) |
120 | 2.0 (1.2%) | < 0.05 (<0.05%) | 2.0 (2.5%) | 51 (32%) |
Mefenoxam | ||||
0 | 81 (100) | 2.01 (2.5%) | ||
14 | 29 (36) | 31 (38%) | ||
30 | 13 (16) | 53 (65%) | ||
75 | 1.3 (1.7) | 61 (75%) | ||
90 | 1.3 (1.7) | 72 (89%) | ||
120 | 0.60 (0.73) | 55 (67) |
Fungicide/Day | Mean Concentration (μG/100g Of Dry Soil) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Metalaxyl | R-Metalaxyl | S-Metalaxyl | Acid Metabolite | |
F-Metalaxyl | ||||
0 | 170 (100%) | 86 (100%) | 86 (100%) | < 0.05 (0%) |
14 | 100 (59%) | 52 (60%) | 50 (58%) | 11 (6.5%) |
30 | 85 (49%) | 45 (52%) | 40 (47%) | 6.5 (3.8%) |
75 | 29 (17%) | 20 (24%) | 9.1 (10%) | 3.0 (1.8%) |
90 | 27 (16%) | 20 (23%) | 6.7 (7.8%) | 2.0 (1.2%) |
120 | 20 (12%) | 16 (19%) | 3.9 (4.5%) | 3.4 (2.0%) |
P-Metalaxyl | ||||
0 | 170 (100%) | 87 (100%) | 87 (100%) | < 0.05 (0%) |
14 | 100 (60%) | 51(59%) | 51 (58%) | 7.0 (4.1%) |
30 | 85 (49%) | 48 (55%) | 38 (43%) | 5.5 (3.2%) |
75 | 28 (16%) | 21 (25%) | 6.8 (7.8%) | 2.8 (1.6%) |
90 | 25 (14%) | 21 (24%) | 4.7 (5.4%) | 1.6 (0.90%) |
120 | 18 (11%) | 16 (1 %) | 2.6 (3.0%) | 1.6 (0.92%) |
Mefenoxam | ||||
0 | 86 (100%) | 0.55 (0.64%) | ||
14 | 50 (59%) | 5.6 (6.6%) | ||
30 | 38 (45%) | 2.5 (2.9%) | ||
75 | 14 (16%) | 0.12 (0.14%) | ||
90 | 14 (16%) | 0.12 (0.14%) | ||
120 | 9.5 (11%) | 0.18 (0.21%) |
Fungicides | Soil Origin | R2 | K (Day−1) | T1/2(Days) |
---|---|---|---|---|
F-metalaxyl | German | 0.97 | 0.039 | 18 |
Cameroonian | 0.96 | 0.018 | 38 | |
P-metalaxyl | German | 0.98 | 0.039 | 18 |
Cameroonian | 0.97 | 0.019 | 37 | |
Mefenoxam | German | 0.96 | 0.041 | 17 |
Cameroonian | 0.96 | 0.018 | 38 |
Acknowledgement
References
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Monkiedje, A.; Spiteller, M. Degradation of Metalaxyl and Mefenoxam and Effects on the Microbiological Properties of Tropical and Temperate Soils. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2005, 2, 272-285. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph2005020011
Monkiedje A, Spiteller M. Degradation of Metalaxyl and Mefenoxam and Effects on the Microbiological Properties of Tropical and Temperate Soils. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2005; 2(2):272-285. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph2005020011
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonkiedje, Adolphe, and Michael Spiteller. 2005. "Degradation of Metalaxyl and Mefenoxam and Effects on the Microbiological Properties of Tropical and Temperate Soils" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2, no. 2: 272-285. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph2005020011