A Novel Measurement-Based Method for Assessing Global Warming Mitigation via High-Albedo Solutions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods Review
3. The Novel Method
3.1. Model
- WTOA, solar irradiation per unit area at the top of atmosphere which strikes a virtual surface parallel to the SUT;
- Win, solar irradiation per unit area which hits the SUT; and
- Wout, global solar irradiation reflected by SUT which exits from the top of atmosphere. Diffusive reflection is supposed.
3.2. Calibration
- Downward and upward paths generally lay on different directions, which may be characterized by different atmospheric compositions producing different energy absorptions. Furthermore, a more precisely upward path, as shown in Figure 3, is related to a diffusive reflection, which implies a non-unique reflection beam but a spread reflection pattern. Atmospheric layers crossed by upwards paths may obtain different energy absorptions. Atmospheric refraction may also introduce further errors.
- Surface albedo changes during the diurnal time in function of solar zenith angle [33].
- Calculation of WTOA is affected by intrinsic errors.
- Errors made by albedometer and pyranometer on measuring α and Win will be better investigated in Section 4, dedicated to instrumentation.
4. Experimental Set-Up: RF-Meter
- minimum spatial resolution: 100 m2;
- average revisit time: 5 days;
- spectral characteristics suitable to IPCC radiative forcing definition and albedometer spectral standards.
- albedometer, technical features are reported in Table 2;
- weather station;
- Calculus Unit based on Field Point system.
Spectral Discussion
5. Satellite Characteristics
6. Example of Calibration
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Methods/Models | Metric | CO2 Offset | Δα | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Betts et al. (2000) [20] | EESF | 0.70 kg C/m2 | 0.01 | AF = 0.5 |
Akbari et al. (2009) [4] | EESF | 2.55 kg CO2eq/m2 | 0.01 | AF = 0.55 |
Menon et al. (2010) [7] | EESF | 3.26 kg CO2eq/m2 | 0.01 | AF = 0.55 |
Rossi et al. (2013) [5] | EESF | 3.20 kg CO2eq/m2 | 0.01 | AF = 0.5 |
Sieber et al. (2019) [30] | GWP | 69 g CO2eq/m2 year | 0.05 | TH = 100 year |
Bright et al. (2021) [14] | EESF | 3.50–6.90 kg CO2eq/m2 | 0.04 | AF = 0.3–0.6 |
Bright et al. (2021) [14] | TDEE | 3.0 kg CO2eq/m2 | 0.04 | TH = 80 year |
Albedometer 1 | |
---|---|
Technical Features | Specifications |
Model | LP PYRA 05 |
Sensor | Thermopile |
Typical sensitivity | 10 W/m2 |
Measuring range | 0 ÷ 2000 W/m2 |
Viewing angle | 2π sr |
Spectral range (50%) | 305 nm ÷ 2800 nm |
Operating temperature | −40 °C ÷ 80 °C |
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Rossi, F.; Filipponi, M.; Castellani, B.; Bonafoni, S.; Ghenai, C. A Novel Measurement-Based Method for Assessing Global Warming Mitigation via High-Albedo Solutions. Energies 2022, 15, 5695. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155695
Rossi F, Filipponi M, Castellani B, Bonafoni S, Ghenai C. A Novel Measurement-Based Method for Assessing Global Warming Mitigation via High-Albedo Solutions. Energies. 2022; 15(15):5695. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155695
Chicago/Turabian StyleRossi, Federico, Mirko Filipponi, Beatrice Castellani, Stefania Bonafoni, and Chaouki Ghenai. 2022. "A Novel Measurement-Based Method for Assessing Global Warming Mitigation via High-Albedo Solutions" Energies 15, no. 15: 5695. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155695