Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties Part II
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Test Stand
2.2. Materials
2.3. Research Programme and Methodology
- (1)
- Measurements of mechanical properties of the obtained films taking into account the static tensile test, measurement of static and dynamic friction coefficient between two layers of film, and measurement of puncture resistance. The static tensile test in transverse and longitudinal direction was carried out in accordance with the following standards: ISO 527-1, and ISO 527-3 [79,80]. The puncture resistance tests, including the measurement of the film puncture force and strain at break, were carried out in accordance with the recommendations of ASTM D 4649 [81], at the needle advance rate of 10 mm/min. The friction coefficient and the static and dynamic friction force were determined according to ISO 8295 [82] at the set force of 0.2 N and testing speed of 100 mm/min. All these tests were carried out using a ZwickRoell Z010 strength testing machine (Ulm, Germany) with testing speed of 50 mm/min, using dedicated equipment for each test;
- (2)
- Testing of optical properties of film including measurements of color and gloss in CIE L*a*b* system in accordance with ASTM E 308 [83]. In this system, the color is defined on the basis of 3 basic parameters: L (lightness), a (space from red to green) and b (space from yellow to blue). Parameter L is a representation of the grey scale and has values ranging from 0 to 100, where 0 is ideal black and 100 is ideal white. Parameters a and b range from −100 to 100, where the extreme values of these parameters correspond to the maximum color saturation (a = 100—Red, a = −100—Green, b = 100—yellow, b = −100—Blue). The gloss was measured using a comparison method and the measurement was performed in accordance with ISO 2813:2001 [84] at an angle of inclination of 60° of the gap between the light source and the receiver. The tests were performed on a color measurement station equipped with a Ci4200 X-Rite spectrophotometer (Grand Rapids, MI, USA) and dedicated Color iControl software [85];
- (3)
- The roughness of the obtained films was tested using a Contour GT optical profiler manufactured by Bruker (Karlsruhe, Germany), provided with dedicated Vision software and at room temperature. The measurement was carried out for an image with an area of 117.2 × 156.3 µm2. Average (Ra) and root-mean-square (Rq) roughness were determined for the tested films. Ra was calculated in accordance with ASME B46.1 [86]. Ra is calculated by an algorithm that measures the average length between the peaks and valleys and the deviation from the mean line on the entire surface within the sampling length. Ra averages all peaks and valleys of the roughness profile and then neutralizes the few outlying points so that the extreme points have no significant impact on the final results. The formula for calculating Ra is given below:
- (4)
- The test of barrier properties of the obtained films was determined on the basis of the water vapor permeability rate, and nitrogen and carbon dioxide permeability. Films obtained at the rotational speed of the extruder screw equal to 300 and 500 rpm were selected for the tests. The water vapor transmission rate was determined in accordance with ISO 15106-1:2003 [87] using the humidity sensor method. The measurements were carried out at a temperature of 38 °C and the permissible relative humidity of the environment ΔRH = 90% using a LYSSY L80-5000 analyzer (Johnsburg, USA). Prior to the measurements, the samples were conditioned at a temperature of 23 °C and humidity of 52%. The permeability of nitrogen and carbon dioxide was determined according to ISO 2556:1 974 [88] using the manometric method. The measurements were performed at a temperature of 23 °C and at a pressure difference of 0.1 MPa using the LYSSY L100-5000 analyzer Johnsburg, USA. Prior to the measurements, the samples were conditioned at a temperature of 23 °C and humidity of 52%;
- (5)
- In order to observe the microstructure of the film samples, a FEI Nova NanoSEM 450 scanning electron microscope (Hillsboro, WA, USA) was used. It is a highly selective SEM operating in high and low vacuum, designed to test the structure and the phase and chemical composition in a wide range of magnifications. For the purpose of observation, a detector of back-scattered electrons for low vacuum (GAD) was used which revealed areas with different chemical composition, and a detector of secondary electrons for low vacuum, operating on the principle of direct detection of electrons (LVD) which visualizes the surface topography.
3. Results
3.1. Microstructure
3.2. Roughness
3.3. Friction Coefficient
3.4. Optical Properties
3.5. Tensile Strength
3.6. Puncture Resistance
3.7. Barrier Properties
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Density | 923 | kg/m3 |
MFR (190 °C/2.16 kg) | 1.95 | g/10 min |
Vicat softening temperature (50 °C/h, 10 N) | 91 | °C |
Melting temperature | 112 | °C |
Content of polymer anti-blocking | 0.017 | % |
Slip agent content (oleamide) | 0.05 | % |
Tensile strength in longitudinal direction * | 18 | MPa |
Tensile strength in transverse direction * | 17 | MPa |
Strain at break in longitudinal direction * | 450 | % |
Strain at break in transverse direction * | 540 | % |
Puncture resistance (EN ISO 7765-1) * | 190 | G |
Haze (ASTM D 1003) * | 8 | % |
Property | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Size of granulate | 1.5–2.5 | mm |
Melting temperature | 120–130 | °C |
Density | 1200–1300 | kg/m3 |
Bulk density | 740–800 | kg/m3 |
MFI (190 °C/5 kg) | 2.5–5.5 | g/10 min |
Water content | <0.5 | wt% |
Tensile strength in longitudinal direction * | 20–35 | MPa |
Tensile strength in transverse direction * | 20–35 | MPa |
Strain at break in longitudinal direction * | 600–900 | % |
Strain at break in transverse direction * | 600–900 | % |
Oxygen permeability (80 µm) | ~750 | cm3/(m2 d bar) |
Water vapor permeability (80 µm) | ~120 | g/(m2 d) |
Property | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Density | 1270–1300 | kg/m3 |
MFI (190 °C/2.16 kg) | 2–6 | g/10 min |
Moisture content | 0.07–0.09 | wt% |
Melting temperature | 110–130 | °C |
Tensile strength in longitudinal direction * | 18 | MPa |
Tensile strength in transverse direction * | 10 | MPa |
Strain at break in longitudinal direction * | 200 | % |
Strain at break in transverse direction * | 250 | % |
Longitudinal tear resistance (Elmendorf) * | 1050 | mN |
Transverse tear resistance (Elmendorf) * | 150 | mN |
Puncture resistance (EN ISO 7765-1) * | 180 | g |
Property | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Density | 1380 | kg/m3 |
MFI (190 °C/5 kg) | 10.76 | g/10 min |
Moisture content | 0.15–0.18 | wt% |
Melting temperature | 140–150 | °C |
Tensile strength in longitudinal direction * | 35.7 | MPa |
Tensile strength in transverse direction * | 25.7 | MPa |
Strain at break in longitudinal direction * | 250 | % |
Strain at break in transverse direction * | 610 | % |
Longitudinal tear resistance (Elmendorf) * | 400 | mN |
Transverse tear resistance (Elmendorf) * | 2300 | mN |
Material | Screw rpm | Width of a Film (cm) | Film Thickness (µm) |
---|---|---|---|
TPS-P | 300 | 35.3 ± 0.4 | 25.6 ± 1.7 |
400 | 35.8 ± 0.3 | 27.6 ± 2.8 | |
500 | 36.2 ± 0.1 | 25.8 ± 1.4 | |
TPS-C | 300 | 35.5 ± 0.2 | 26.6 ± 1.1 |
400 | 35.7 ± 0.1 | 25.0 ± 1.0 | |
500 | 36.2 ± 0.2 | 24.2 ± 1.5 | |
PLA | 300 | 35.2 ± 0.2 | 25.4 ± 1.5 |
400 | 35.5 ± 0.2 | 20.6 ± 1.3 | |
500 | 36.5 ± 0.2 | 24.2 ± 1.8 | |
PE | 300 | 36.1 ± 0.1 | 26.2 ± 1.3 |
400 | 36.0 ± 0.1 | 24.0 ± 0.7 | |
500 | 36.4 ± 0.1 | 27.2 ± 0.8 |
Screw Rotational Speed (rpm) | Gloss | ||
---|---|---|---|
300 | 400 | 500 | |
TPS-P | 5.135 (0.04) | 5.012 (0.14) | 5.71 (0.3) |
TPS-C | 5.432 (0.14) | 5.642 (0.29) | 6.067 (0.21) |
PLA | 5.810 (0.3) | 6.360 (0.51) | 6.362 (0.31 |
PE | 242.940 (8.29) | 260.977 (7.54) | 298.695 (13.42) |
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Sikora, J.W.; Majewski, Ł.; Puszka, A. Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties Part II. Materials 2021, 14, 2523. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14102523
Sikora JW, Majewski Ł, Puszka A. Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties Part II. Materials. 2021; 14(10):2523. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14102523
Chicago/Turabian StyleSikora, Janusz W., Łukasz Majewski, and Andrzej Puszka. 2021. "Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties Part II" Materials 14, no. 10: 2523. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14102523