Flow Field Analysis Inside and at the Outlet of the Abrasive Head
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background of AWJ Calculations
1.2. Background of Abrasive Particle Velocity Measurement
1.3. Background Summary
2. Methods
2.1. Water Nozzle Geometrical Reconstruction Based on X-ray CT
2.2. CFD Geometry of Computational Mesh, Model Settings, and Calculations
2.3. High-Pressure Water Flow Monitoring in the Abrasive Head
2.4. Measurement of Abrasive Particle Velocities at the Outlet of the Abrasive Head
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Water Nozzle Space
3.2. Mixing Chamber and Abrasive Nozzle Space
3.3. Outlet Space of Abrasive Head
4. Conclusions
- In the water nozzle, the calculated values of the volume flow rates were in very good conformity with the measured values under the determined feeding water pressures due to the exact geometry of the abrasive head that was included in the numerical model without simplifications. The exact geometry of the studied domain is thus a crucial part for creating and developing a numerical model which generates reasonable data;
- In the abrasive nozzle, a very good conformity of the pressure distribution in measurements and in calculations was observed. The shapes of dependences were similar with those published in other studies [38]. In the cylindrical part of the abrasive nozzle, the pressure decreased at first, then hit the minimum and, finally, grew up to the value of the atmospheric pressure. For both measurements and calculations, the increase in the high-speed water jet velocity caused a decrease in the minimum pressure;
- At the outlet of the abrasive head, a very good conformity of the abrasive particle velocity in measurements and calculations was reached due to the detailed description of abrasive particle diameters (from 150 to 400 μm) based on the function of the Rosin-Rammler particle size distribution used in calculations. For both measurements and calculations, the increase in the abrasive mass flow rate caused a decrease in the velocity of abrasive particles at the outlet of the abrasive head;
- A numerical model enabling a 3D multiphase steady-state turbulent visualisation of the flow in the space around the abrasive cutting head was developed. The numerical model provided stable and sufficiently accurate simulations in a short time without requiring extreme computing power.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
- All authors have participated in the conception and design or analysis and interpretation of the data;
- This manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is under review at, another journal or other publishing venue;
- The authors have no affiliation with any organisation with a direct financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
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pavg (MPa) | SD (MPa) | SEM (MPa) | 95% CI (MPa) | Qavg (L/min) | SD (L/min) | SEM (L/min) | 95% CI (L/min) | Pavg (kW) | SD (kW) | SEM (kW) | 95% CI (kW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
105.56 | 1.68 | 0.22 | 105.98 105.14 | 1.58 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 1.56 1.57 | 2.77 | 0.05 | 0.006 | 2.79 2.76 |
194.46 | 15.27 | 1.95 | 198.29 190.64 | 2.08 | 0.08 | 0.010 | 2.10 2.06 | 6.75 | 0.75 | 0.095 | 6.94 6.56 |
302.72 | 2.13 | 0.27 | 303.26 302.19 | 2.53 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 2.53 2.52 | 12.76 | 0.16 | 0.019 | 12.80 12.72 |
406.17 | 3.22 | 0.41 | 406.98 405.36 | 2.86 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 2.75 2.74 | 19.36 | 0.17 | 0.002 | 19.41 19.32 |
CFD Calculations | PTV Measurement | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p (MPa) | N | vavg (m/s) | SD (m/s) | SEM (m/s) | 95%CI (m/s) | N | vavg (m/s) | SD (m/s) | SEM (m/s) | 95%CI (m/s) |
105.56 | 3059 | 296.07 | 113.79 | 2.05 | 300.10 292.04 | 1565 | 329.34 | 59.45 | 1.50 | 332.28 326.39 |
194.46 | 3060 | 400.09 | 159.71 | 2.89 | 405.75 394.42 | 2650 | 455.36 | 69.62 | 1.35 | 458.01 452.70 |
302.72 | 3054 | 493.39 | 205.39 | 3.72 | 500.76 486.19 | 1489 | 579.71 | 75.85 | 1.97 | 583.57 575.86 |
406.17 | 3056 | 566.06 | 242.27 | 4.38 | 574.65 557.47 | 2421 | 690.38 | 70.55 | 1.43 | 693.20 687.57 |
CFD Calculations | PTV Measurement | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p (MPa) | N | vavg (m/s) | SD (m/s) | SEM (m/s) | 95% CI m/s] | N | vavg (m/s) | SD (m/s) | SEM (m/s) | 95% CI (m/s) |
105.56 | 3060 | 285.01 | 107.33 | 1.94 | 288.81 281.21 | 3329 | 281.19 | 66.51 | 1.15 | 283.45 278.94 |
194.46 | 3058 | 388.61 | 153.81 | 2.78 | 394.07 383.16 | 3742 | 395.23 | 85.72 | 1.40 | 397.48 392.48 |
302.72 | 3059 | 488.95 | 193.68 | 3.50 | 495.81 565.62 | 3318 | 528.87 | 76.43 | 1.33 | 531.48 526.28 |
406.17 | 3059 | 557.36 | 233.34 | 4.22 | 565.63 549.07 | 4830 | 641.75 | 76.65 | 1.10 | 643.91 639.58 |
CFD Calculations | PTV Measurement | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p (MPa) | N | vavg (m/s) | SD (m/s) | SEM (m/s) | 95% CI (m/s) | N | vavg (m/s) | SD (m/s) | SEM (m/s) | 95% CI (m/s) |
105.56 | 3055 | 276.86 | 99.28 | 1.80 | 280.38 273.34 | 6483 | 251.81 | 63.55 | 0.79 | 253.36 250.27 |
194.46 | 3057 | 379.18 | 146.07 | 2.64 | 384.36 374.00 | 3350 | 365.40 | 82.14 | 1.42 | 368.18 362.62 |
302.72 | 3059 | 475.18 | 188.74 | 3.41 | 482.27 468.89 | 2218 | 479.52 | 86.59 | 1.84 | 483.13 475.92 |
406.17 | 3055 | 553.22 | 200.29 | 3.99 | 561.03 545.41 | 6372 | 601.70 | 80.28 | 1.01 | 603.68 599.73 |
CFD Calculations | PTV Measurement | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p (MPa) | N | Vavg (m/s) | SD (m/s) | SEM (m/s) | 95% CI(m/s) | N | Vavg (m/s) | SD (m/s) | SEM (m/s) | 95% CI (m/s) |
105.56 | 3055 | 269.31 | 92.54 | 1.67 | 272.59 266.02 | 5205 | 237.42 | 57.46 | 0.80 | 238.98 235.86 |
194.46 | 3059 | 375.86 | 133.85 | 2.42 | 380.60 371.12 | 4655 | 333.54 | 83.26 | 1.22 | 335.94 331.15 |
302.72 | 3056 | 473.57 | 174.53 | 3.15 | 479.75 467.38 | 2777 | 433.15 | 103.73 | 1.97 | 437.01 429.29 |
406.17 | 3055 | 549.16 | 208.90 | 3.78 | 556.57 541.76 | 6920 | 562.12 | 82.40 | 0.99 | 564.06 560.18 |
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Riha, Z.; Zelenak, M.; Soucek, K.; Hlavacek, A. Flow Field Analysis Inside and at the Outlet of the Abrasive Head. Materials 2021, 14, 3919. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143919
Riha Z, Zelenak M, Soucek K, Hlavacek A. Flow Field Analysis Inside and at the Outlet of the Abrasive Head. Materials. 2021; 14(14):3919. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143919
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiha, Zdenek, Michal Zelenak, Kamil Soucek, and Antonin Hlavacek. 2021. "Flow Field Analysis Inside and at the Outlet of the Abrasive Head" Materials 14, no. 14: 3919. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143919