Fatigue Life of Austenitic Steel 304 Bolts Strengthened by Surface Treatment with Graphene Oxide Layer and Surface Shot Peening
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Object of Research
2.1.2. Graphene Oxide
2.1.3. Shot Peening
2.2. Methodology of Sample Preparation
- BM—base material (untreated bolts, as supplied) (Section 2.1.1) (Figure 2a);
- BM+GO—base material (Section 2.1.1) and with deposited graphene oxide layer (Section 2.2.2) (Figure 2c);
- BM+GO+SP—base material (Section 2.1.1) and with a deposited graphene oxide layer (Section 2.2.2) and shot peened (Section 2.1.3) (Figure 2d).
2.2.1. Deposition of Graphene Oxide on the Screw Surface
2.2.2. Shot Peening Process
2.3. Characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.4. Surface Morphology Raman
2.5. Microhardness
2.6. Static and Fatigue Tensile Tests
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Surface Morphology
3.2. Microhardness
3.3. Static and Fatigue Tensile Tests
3.4. Fracture Pattern and Microfractography of Fatigue Fractures
4. Conclusions
- The innovative process developed combining surface cleaning and activation, graphene oxide application, and vacuum drying resulted in permanent deposition of graphene oxide on the surface of screws;
- The collected Raman spectra confirmed that graphene oxide flakes were still present on the surface after the shot peening process;
- The graphene oxide deposition process combining plasma interaction and graphene oxide deposition resulted in a decrease in the microhardness of the subsurface layer of approximately 15–20% compared to the samples in the delivery state;
- For samples with a deposited graphene oxide layer and shot peened (BM+GO+SP) compared to shot peened samples without a deposited graphene oxide layer (BM+SP), an increase of more than 17% in microhardness up to a <0.2 mm depth of the subsurface layer was observed. This was the effect of graphene oxide being introduced into the surface layer during the shot peening process;
- At a depth of approximately 2 mm of the subsurface layer, the microhardness of all samples tested (i.e., BM, BM+SP, BM+GO, and BM+GO+SP) was the same;
- Samples (BM+GO+SP) had the highest fatigue life after graphene oxide deposition and shot peening;
- The use of the combined techniques of surface activation treatment, graphene oxide deposition, vacuum drying, and shot peening resulted in an increase in fatigue life by 42–275% (depending on the stress amplitude).
5. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stress Level | σan (MPa) | BM (Number of Cycles) | BM+GO (Number of Cycles) | BM+SP (Number of Cycles) | BM+GO+SP (Number of Cycles) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.8 Rm | 711 | 8277 | 8023 | 10,910 | 12,179 |
0.7 Rm | 622 | 15,179 | 15,106 | 23,524 | 39,184 |
0.6 Rm | 534 | 27,222 | 21455 | 45,861 | 101,996 |
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Nasiłowska, B.; Bogdanowicz, Z.; Kłysz, S.; Baran, M.; Lisiecki, J.; Mońka, G.; Bartosewicz, B.; Komorek, Z.; Bombalska, A.; Mierczyk, Z. Fatigue Life of Austenitic Steel 304 Bolts Strengthened by Surface Treatment with Graphene Oxide Layer and Surface Shot Peening. Materials 2021, 14, 6674. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14216674
Nasiłowska B, Bogdanowicz Z, Kłysz S, Baran M, Lisiecki J, Mońka G, Bartosewicz B, Komorek Z, Bombalska A, Mierczyk Z. Fatigue Life of Austenitic Steel 304 Bolts Strengthened by Surface Treatment with Graphene Oxide Layer and Surface Shot Peening. Materials. 2021; 14(21):6674. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14216674
Chicago/Turabian StyleNasiłowska, Barbara, Zdzisław Bogdanowicz, Sylwester Kłysz, Marta Baran, Janusz Lisiecki, Grzegorz Mońka, Bartosz Bartosewicz, Zenon Komorek, Aneta Bombalska, and Zygmunt Mierczyk. 2021. "Fatigue Life of Austenitic Steel 304 Bolts Strengthened by Surface Treatment with Graphene Oxide Layer and Surface Shot Peening" Materials 14, no. 21: 6674. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14216674