Impact of Elevated Temperatures on Strength Properties and Microstructure of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Paste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimen Preparation
2.2. Strength Parameters
2.3. Microstructure
2.4. Density
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Visual Observation
3.2. Density
b = 1781.8 ∧ ρ23 °C = 1785.1 => b ≈ ρ23 °C
3.3. Flexural and Compressive Strength
3.4. Microstructure
4. Conclusions
- Visual assessment might be used in general definition of the residual strength of material. CSA paste exposed to temperature lower than 600 °C did not change color significantly. The color was natural beige. Material exposed to 600 °C had a characteristic color, dark gray with black pieces. At 800 °C, the color changed to light gray. Between 600 °C and 800 °C, cracks were smaller than at 400 °C.
- Based on measured weight of specimens at different temperature points the equation of density as a temperature function was specified, ρT(T) = ρ23 °C + 0.92T with correlation coefficient R2 = 0.85 and ρT(T) = 0.0014T2 − 2.2062T + 1919.6 with correlation coefficient R2 = 0.94. First, a linear equation might be used in a preliminary checking calculation. Second, a third order equation might be used with issues that demand more accurate calculations.
- The highest flexural strength collapse (12.1% of initial value) was observed at 200 °C, which relates to dehydration of main phase ettringite.
- The CSA paste had residual strength over entire temperature range.
- Compressive strength decrease was significant (24.4% of initial value) above 300 °C. Between 300 °C and 600 °C it was stable in the 15–10 MPa range (24.4–19.2% of starting value). Between 600 °C and 800 °C it was in the 10–8 MPa range (15.5–13% of green state).
- Microstructure and EDS investigations show that micro-cracks are present in the green state of the material. Propagation of defects was increased up to 400 °C. Above that, between 600 °C and 800 °C, number of cracks decreased. Nonetheless, defects that remained became thicker.
- Map-data indicate that free-lime clustered with silica. Magnesium oxide creates groups displacing other ingredients and is in close relation to SiO2. This might have to do with a two-component system CaO–SiO2, where MgO might be a sintering promotor. As a result, some micro-cracks might disappear because of re-sintering of the cement particles during high-temperature heating. Sulfonate ingredients are present in close connection with aluminium oxide.
- Influence of high temperature on calcium sulfoaluminate-based materials should be continued.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Temperature Exposure | Phase Decompositions in CSA Concrete |
---|---|
from 90 °C | Ettringite dehydration and decomposition to monosulfite and calcium sulfate |
from 150 °C | Partially monosulfite dehydration |
200–300 °C | Alumina trihydrate dehydroxylation |
from 450 °C | Monosulfite dehydration |
Composition | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | Fe2O3 | MgO | K2O | Na2O | SO3 | TiO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | 6.89 | 23.74 | 43.06 | 1.11 | 2.70 | 0.68 | 1.01 | 20.37 | 0.44 |
Heat-Treatment Temperature | Heating Rate | Isothermal Heating | Cooling Rate | Quantity of Specimens for Each Point | Specimen Dimension |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
105, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800 °C | 5 °C/min | 2 h | with furnace | 3 | 40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm |
Temperature [°C] | ||
---|---|---|
Raw Material | 23 | 105 |
150 | 200 | 300 |
400 | 600 | 800 |
Temperature °C | 23 | 105 | 150 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 600 | 800 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density [kg/m3] | 1785.2 | 1768.2 | 1731.8 | 1593.8 | 1377.6 | 1264.3 | 1194 | 1169.3 |
Relative density | 100% | 99.1% | 97% | 89.3% | 77.2% | 70.8% | 66.9% | 65.5% |
Temperature °C | 23 | 105 | 150 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 600 | 800 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ff (%) | 100 | 63.3 | 91.5 | 12.1 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 6.9 | 3.4 |
fc (%) | 100 | 105.3 | 94.8 | 62.8 | 24.4 | 19.2 | 15.5 | 13.0 |
Flexural strength | ff(T) = 10−8T3 + 2 × 10−5T2 − 0.0127T + 2.9711 | R2 = 0.8014 | (5) |
Compressive strength | fc(T) = 10−7T3 + 2 × 10−5T2 − 0.1756T + 73.995 | R2 = 0.9007 | (6) |
Temp. [°C] | 23 | 105 | 150 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 600 | 800 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F–C Ratio [] | 0.037 | 0.022 | 0.035 | 0.007 | 0.016 | 0.02 | 0.016 | 0.009 |
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Sodol, K.A.; Kaczmarek, Ł.; Szer, J.; Miszczak, S.; Stegliński, M. Impact of Elevated Temperatures on Strength Properties and Microstructure of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Paste. Materials 2021, 14, 6751. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14226751
Sodol KA, Kaczmarek Ł, Szer J, Miszczak S, Stegliński M. Impact of Elevated Temperatures on Strength Properties and Microstructure of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Paste. Materials. 2021; 14(22):6751. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14226751
Chicago/Turabian StyleSodol, Konrad A., Łukasz Kaczmarek, Jacek Szer, Sebastian Miszczak, and Mariusz Stegliński. 2021. "Impact of Elevated Temperatures on Strength Properties and Microstructure of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Paste" Materials 14, no. 22: 6751. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14226751