Determination of the Critical Value of Material Damage in a Cross Wedge Rolling Test
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fracture Criteria Employed in This Study
3. Principle of the CWR Test
4. Experimental Tests
5. Numerical Analysis and Validation of the Numerical Model
6. Results and Discussion
7. Conclusions
- The phenomenological criteria can be used to analyse material fracture in CWR processes provided that one uses the critical damage values determined in a calibration test in which the modelled stress reflects the real stress;
- The critical damage can be best determined with the new CWR-based calibration test which uses wedge tools with a variable forming angle and diameter-variable specimens; any change in these parameters causes (with an increase in the distance from the specimen centre) deterioration in the forming conditions and is thus conducive to material fracture;
- Despite a relatively long forming time in the CWR test, the temperature in the centre of the specimen increases (which results from the exchange of deformation work into heat);
- The use of the new CWR test and 12 criteria of ductile fracture made it possible to determine the critical damage of 42CrMo4 steel specimens formed in the temperature range of 900–1100 °C;
- The critical damage of 42CrMo4 steel depends to a great extent on the forming temperature; the critical damage increases with the forming temperature.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ci | T = 924.8 °C | T = 1029.3 °C | T = 1138.7 °C |
---|---|---|---|
CFREUD | 272.0 MPa | 329.8 MPa | 533.6 MPa |
CBROZ | 0.729 | 1.184 | 2.943 |
COYANE | 1.564 | 2.628 | 5.837 |
CAYADA | 0.296 | 0.455 | 0.915 |
CZHAN | 103.7 MPa | 130.9 MPa | 261.7 MPa |
CARGON | 326.8 MPa | 389.8 MPa | 620.1 MPa |
CCL | 158.6 MPa | 191.0 MPa | 348.3 MPa |
CKO | 1.892 | 3.034 | 6.841 |
COH | 0.853 | 1.427 | 3.587 |
CRT | 1.969 | 3.233 | 7.054 |
CLOU | 0.609 | 1.006 | 2.306 |
CPATER | 1.026 | 1.774 | 4.523 |
Ci | e | f | g |
---|---|---|---|
CFREUD | 0.006117 | −11.398 | 5581.45 |
CBROZ | 0.00005467 | −0.10244 | 48.711 |
COYANE | 0.00008959 | −0.16490 | 77.43 |
CAYADA | 0.00001256 | −0.02303 | 10.850 |
CZHAN | 0.004354 | −8.2454 | 4004.26 |
CARGON | 0.007008 | −13.089 | 6337.21 |
CCL | 0.005245 | −9.9357 | 4860,03 |
CKO | 0.0001115 | −0.20694 | 97.905 |
COH | 0.00006647 | −0.12436 | 59.013 |
CRT | 0.0001068 | −0.19662 | 92.465 |
CLOU | 0.00003777 | −0.07000 | 33.045 |
CPATER | 0.00008384 | −0.15663 | 74.174 |
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Pater, Z.; Gontarz, A.; Tomczak, J.; Bulzak, T.; Wójcik, Ł. Determination of the Critical Value of Material Damage in a Cross Wedge Rolling Test. Materials 2021, 14, 1586. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14071586
Pater Z, Gontarz A, Tomczak J, Bulzak T, Wójcik Ł. Determination of the Critical Value of Material Damage in a Cross Wedge Rolling Test. Materials. 2021; 14(7):1586. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14071586
Chicago/Turabian StylePater, Zbigniew, Andrzej Gontarz, Janusz Tomczak, Tomasz Bulzak, and Łukasz Wójcik. 2021. "Determination of the Critical Value of Material Damage in a Cross Wedge Rolling Test" Materials 14, no. 7: 1586. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14071586