Push-Out Bond Strength Assessment of Different Post Systems at Different Radicular Levels of Endodontically Treated Teeth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Specimen Preparation
- straight roots
- round root canal form
- absence of crown/root decay, cracks, and previous endodontic treatment
- root length of at least 16 mm.
2.2. Measuring Method
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bond Strength at Coronal Root Level
3.2. Bond Strength at Middle Root Level
3.3. Bond Strength at Apical Root Level
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The bond strength of FRC post systems was significantly higher than those of rigid posts of titanium or ZrO2.
- The bond strength was highest in the coronal root level for all tested post systems but did not differ significantly from the other two root levels.
- Clinicians are advised to use FRC post systems due to their advantageous bond strength and biomimetic mechanical behavior so that root fractures could be avoided, providing that the bond strength did not exceed 10 MPa.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Schwartz, R.S.; Robbins, J.W. Post placement and restoration of endodontically treated teeth: A literature review. J. Endod. 2004, 30, 289–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Theodosopoulou, J.N.; Chochlidakis, K.M. A systematic review of dowel (post) and core materials and systems. J. Prosthodont. 2009, 18, 464–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goracci, C.; Ferrari, M. Current perspectives on post systems: A literature review. Aust. Dent. J. 2011, 56 (Suppl. S1), 77–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferrari, M.; Vichi, A.; Fadda, G.M.; Cagidiaco, M.C.; Tay, F.R.; Breschi, L.; Polimeni, A.; Goracci, C. A randomized controlled trial of endodontically treated and restored premolars. J. Dent. Res. 2012, 91, 72S–78S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cekic-Nagas, I.; Sukuroglu, E.; Canay, S. Does the surface treatment affect the bond strength of various fibre-post systems to resin-core materials? J. Dent. 2011, 39, 171–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nergiz, I.; Schmage, P.; Özcan, M.; Platzer, U. Effect of length and diameter of tapered posts on the retention. J. Oral. Rehabil. 2002, 29, 28–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sahafi, A.; Peutzfeld, A.; Asmussen, E.; Gotfredsen, K. Effect of surface treatment of prefabricated posts on bonding of resin cement. Oper. Dent. 2004, 29, 60–68. [Google Scholar]
- Baba, N.Z.; Golden, G.; Goodacre, C.J. Nonmetallic prefabricated dowels: A review of compositions, properties, laboratory, and clinical test results. J. Prosthodont. 2009, 18, 527–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trushkowsky, R.D. Esthetic and functional consideration in restoring endodontically treated teeth. Dent. Clin. 2011, 55, 403–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carossa, S.; Lombardo, S.; Pera, P.; Corsalini, M.; Rastello, M.L.; Preti, P.G. Influence of posts and cores on light transmission through different all-ceramic crowns: Spectrophotometric and clinical evaluation. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2001, 14, 9–14. [Google Scholar]
- Cagidiaco, M.C.; Goracci, C.; Garcia-Godoy, F.; Ferrari, M. Clinical studies of fiber posts: A literature review. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2008, 21, 328–336. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Dietschi, D.; Duc, O.; Krejci, I.; Sadan, A. Biomechanical considerations for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth: A systematic review of the literature, Part II (Evaluation of fatigue behavior, interfaces, and in vivo studies). Quintessence. Int. 2008, 39, 117–129. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Cagidiaco, M.C.; Radovic, I.; Simonetti, M.; Tay, F.; Ferrari, M. Clinical performance of fiber post restorations in endodontically treated teeth: 2-year results. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2007, 20, 293–298. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Qualtrough, A.J.; Mannocci, F. Tooth-colored post systems: A review. Oper. Dent. 2003, 28, 86–91. [Google Scholar]
- Skupien, J.A.; Sarkis-Onofre, R.; Cenci, M.S.; Moraes, R.R.; Pereira-Cenci, T. A systematic review of factors associated with the retention of glass fiber posts. Braz. Oral. Res. 2015, 29, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Soares, C.J.; Valdivia, A.D.; da Silva, G.R.; Santana, F.R.; Menezes Mde, S. Longitudinal clinical evaluation of post systems: A literature review. Braz. Dent. J. 2012, 23, 135–740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fokkinga, W.A.; Kreulen, C.M.; Vallittu, P.K.; Creugers, N.H. A structured analysis of in vitro failure loads and failure modes of fiber, metal, and ceramic post-and-core systems. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2004, 17, 476–482. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Tayyan, M.H.; Watts, D.C.; Kurer, H.G.; Qualtrough, A.J.E. Is a “flexible” glass fiber-bundle dowel system as retentive as a “rigid” quartz fiber dowel system? J. Prosthodont. 2008, 17, 532–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santi, M.R.; Lins, R.; Sahadi, B.O.; Soto-Montero, J.R.; Martins, L. Comparison of the Mechanical Properties and Push-out Bond Strength of Self-adhesive and Conventional Resin Cements on Fiber Post Cementation. Oper. Dent. 2022, 47, 346–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alkhudhairy, F.I.; Yaman, P.; Dennison, J.; McDonald, N.; Herrero, A.; Bin-Shuwaish, M.S. The effects of different irrigation solutions on the bond strength of cemented fiber posts. Clin. Cosmet. Invest. Dent. 2018, 10, 221–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Silva, N.R.D.; Rodrigues, M.P.; Bicalho, A.A.; Soares, P.B.F.; Price, R.B.; Soares, C.J. Effect of resin cement mixing and insertion methodinto the root canal on cement porosity and fiberglass post bondstrength. J. Adhes. Dent. 2019, 21, 37–46. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Duarte Santos Lopes, L.; da Silva Pedrosa, M.; Beatriz Melo Oliveira, L.; Maria da Silva Costa, S.; Aguiar Santos Nogueira Lima, L.; Lucisano Botelho do Amaral, F. Push-out bond strength and failure mode of single adjustable and customized glass fiber posts. Saudi. Dent. J. 2021, 33, 917–922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Human Research Act (810.30), Art. 2 and 32, Human Research Ordinance (810.301), Art. 25. Available online: www.swissmedic.ch (accessed on 21 July 2022).
- Human Research Ordinance (810.301), Art. 30. Available online: www.swissmedic.ch (accessed on 21 July 2022).
- World Medical Association (WMA): Declaration of Helsinki—Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. In Proceedings of the 64th WMA General Assembly, Fortaleza, Brazil, October 2013.
- Lee, J.J.; Nettey-Marbell, A.; Cook, A., Jr.; Pimenta, L.A.; Leonard, R.; Ritter, A.V. Using extracted teeth for research: The effect of storage medium and sterilization on dentin bond strengths. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2007, 138, 1599–1603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bouillaguet, S.; Schütt, A.; Alander, P.; Schwaller, P.; Buerki, G.; Michler, J.; Cattani-Lorente, M.; Vallitu, P.K.; Krejci, I. Hydrothermal and mechanical stresses degrade fiber–matrix interfacial bond strength in dental fiber-reinforced composites. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. 2006, 76, 98–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Perdigão, J.; Gomes, G.; Augusto, V. The effect of dowel space on the bond strengths of fiber posts. J. Prosthodont. 2007, 16, 154–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kremeier, K.; Fasen, L.; Klaiber, B.; Hofmann, N. Influence of endodontic post type (glass fiber, quartz fiber or gold) and luting material on push-out bond strength to dentin in vitro. Dent. Mater. 2008, 24, 660–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parčina, I.; Amižić, B.A. Esthetic Intracanal Posts. Acta. Stomatol. Croat. 2016, 50, 143–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alnaqbi, I.O.M.; Elbishari, H.; Elsubeihi, E.S. Effect of Fiber Post-Resin Matrix Composition on Bond Strength of Post-Cement Interface. Int. J. Dent. 2018, 2018, 4751627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Post System (Manufacturer) | Chemical Composition | Abbreviation | Post Treatment and Light Curing |
---|---|---|---|
Titanium (Mooser) Cendres + Métaux SA, Biel-Bienne, Switzerland |
| T | Alloy primer (20 s) and air-thinning No light-curing |
Zirconia (Cosmopost) Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein |
| ZrO | No conditioning No light-curing |
Fiber (FRC Postec Plus) Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein |
| G | Etching (60 s) using 37% phosphoric acid; water rinsing; air-drying; silane application (60 s) and air-drying. Light-curing |
Fiber (Direct) (Everstick post) Stick Tech Ltd., Turku, Finland |
| E1 | Etching (60 s) using 37% phosphoric acid; water rinsing; air-drying; silane application (60 s) and air-drying. Light-curing |
Fiber (indirect) (Everstick post) Stick Tech Ltd., Turku, Finland |
| E2 | Etching (60 s) using 37% phosphoric acid; water rinsing; air-drying; silane application (60 s) and air-drying. Light-curing |
Fiber (PinPost) Dentapreg America Inc., Sarasota, FL, USA |
| PP | Etching (60 s) using 37% phosphoric acid; water rinsing; air-drying; silane application (60 s) and air-drying. Light-curing |
Injectable Resin/Fiber composite (EverX Posterior) GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan |
| LP | No conditioning Light-curing |
Post Type | Bond Strength (Mean ± SD) [MPa] | Min-Max (95% CI) [MPa] |
---|---|---|
T | 2.2 ± 1.5 a | 0.7–11.2 (1.7–2.7) |
ZrO | 1.9 ± 1.0 a,A | 0.2–5.1 (1.4–2.3) |
G | 4.0 ± 1.6 b,B | 1.0–11.0 (3.0–4.9) |
E1 | 3.6 ± 2.1b,B | 0.4–8.4 (2.7–4.4) |
E2 | 5.3 ± 2.7 b,B,C | 1.1–11.1 (4.0–6.7) |
PP | 4.1 ± 2.0 b,B | 0.5–9.8 (3.1–5.1) |
LP | 2.6 ± 1.9 a | 0.1–9.0 (1.9–3.2) |
Root Level | N | Push-Out Bond Strength (Mean ± SD) [MPa] | Min-Max FS (95% CI) [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|
Coronal (1st) | 70 | 3.6 ± 2.2 | 1.0–11.0 (3.2–4.0) |
Middle (2nd) | 70 | 3.2 ± 2.1 | 0.0–11.0 (2.9–3.5) |
Apical (3rd) | 70 | 3.2 ± 2.3 | 0.0–10.0 (2.9–3.6) |
Post | System | T | ZrO | G | E1 | E2 | PP | LP | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root Level | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
T | 1st (2.0 ± 1.2) | - | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.190 | 0.005 | 0.190 | 0.009 | 0.975 | 0.325 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.037 | 0.624 | 0.000 | 0.080 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
2nd (2.7 ± 2.1) | 1.000 | - | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.985 | 0.998 | 0.961 | 0.275 | 0.961 | 0.380 | 1.000 | 0.991 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.685 | 1.000 | 0.048 | 0.841 | 1.000 | 0.841 | |
3rd (2.0 ± 1.0) | 1.000 | 1.000 | - | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.190 | 0.005 | 0.190 | 0.009 | 0.975 | 0.325 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.037 | 0.624 | 0.000 | 0.080 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
ZrO | 1st (2.0 ± 1.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | - | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.230 | 0.007 | 0.230 | 0.012 | 0.985 | 0.380 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.048 | 0.685 | 0.000 | 0.100 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
2nd (1.7 ± 1.0) | 1.000 | 0.985 | 1.000 | 1.000 | - | 1.000 | 0.062 | 0.001 | 0.062 | 0.002 | 0.841 | 0.125 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.325 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
3rd (1.9 ± 1.2) | 1.000 | 0.998 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | - | 0.125 | 0.002 | 0.125 | 0.005 | 0.941 | 0.230 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.499 | 0.000 | 0.048 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
G | 1st (3.7 ± 1.9) | 0.190 | 0.961 | 0.190 | 0.230 | 0.062 | 0.125 | - | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.380 | 0.438 | 0.438 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.975 | 1.000 | 0.325 | 0.012 |
2nd (4.4 ± 1.4) | 0.005 | 0.275 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 1.000 | - | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.624 | 0.999 | 0.985 | 0.991 | 0.991 | 1.000 | 0.975 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.012 | 0.000 | |
3rd (3.7 ± 1.4) | 0.190 | 0.961 | 0.190 | 0.230 | 0.062 | 0.125 | 1.000 | 1.000 | - | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.380 | 0.438 | 0.438 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.975 | 1.000 | 0.325 | 0.012 | |
E1 | 1st (4.2 ± 2.3) | 0.009 | 0.380 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | - | 0.742 | 1.000 | 0.961 | 0.975 | 0.975 | 1.000 | 0.991 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.022 | 0.000 |
2nd (3.0 ± 1.9) | 0.975 | 1.000 | 0.975 | 0.985 | 0.841 | 0.941 | 0.999 | 0.624 | 0.999 | 0.742 | - | 1.000 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.941 | 1.000 | 0.190 | 0.985 | 0.995 | 0.4999 | |
3rd (3.6 ± 2.2) | 0.325 | 0.991 | 0.325 | 0.380 | 0.125 | 0.230 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | - | 0.230 | 0.275 | 0.275 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.914 | 1.000 | 0.499 | 0.028 | |
E2 | 1st (5.3 ± 2.8) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.380 | 0.985 | 0.380 | 0.961 | 0.007 | 0.230 | - | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.795 | 0.080 | 1.000 | 0.624 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
2nd (5.3 ± 2.9) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.438 | 0.991 | 0.438 | 0.975 | 0.009 | 0.275 | 1.000 | - | 1.000 | 0.841 | 0.100 | 1.000 | 0.685 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
3rd (5.3 ± 2.7) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.438 | 0.991 | 0.438 | 0.975 | 0.009 | 0.275 | 1.000 | 1.000 | - | 0.841 | 0.100 | 1.000 | 0.685 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
PP | 1st (4.0 ± 1.9) | 0.037 | 0.685 | 0.037 | 0.048 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.941 | 1.000 | 0.795 | 0.841 | 0.841 | - | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.080 | 0.001 |
2nd (3.4 ± 1.4) | 0.624 | 1.000 | 0.624 | 0.685 | 0.325 | 0.499 | 1.000 | 0.975 | 1.000 | 0.991 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.080 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 1.000 | - | 0.685 | 1.000 | 0.795 | 0.100 | |
3rd (4.7 ± 2.6) | 0.000 | 0.048 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.975 | 1.000 | 0.975 | 1.000 | 0.190 | 0.914 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.685 | - | 0.998 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |
LP | 1st (3.9 ± 2.1) | 0.080 | 0.841 | 0.080 | 0.100 | 0.022 | 0.048 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.985 | 1.000 | 0.624 | 0.685 | 0.685 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.998 | - | 0.155 | 0.003 |
2nd (2.1 ± 1.4) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.325 | 0.012 | 0.325 | 0.022 | 0.995 | 0.499 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.080 | 0.795 | 0.001 | 0.155 | - | 1.000 | |
3rd (1.5 ± 1.0) | 1.000 | 0.841 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.499 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.100 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 1.000 | - |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kanzler Abdel Raouf, V.; Jockusch, J.; Al-Haj Husain, N.; Dydyk, N.; Özcan, M. Push-Out Bond Strength Assessment of Different Post Systems at Different Radicular Levels of Endodontically Treated Teeth. Materials 2022, 15, 5134. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155134
Kanzler Abdel Raouf V, Jockusch J, Al-Haj Husain N, Dydyk N, Özcan M. Push-Out Bond Strength Assessment of Different Post Systems at Different Radicular Levels of Endodontically Treated Teeth. Materials. 2022; 15(15):5134. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155134
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanzler Abdel Raouf, Valérie, Julia Jockusch, Nadin Al-Haj Husain, Nataliya Dydyk, and Mutlu Özcan. 2022. "Push-Out Bond Strength Assessment of Different Post Systems at Different Radicular Levels of Endodontically Treated Teeth" Materials 15, no. 15: 5134. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155134