Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Collection
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Biochemical Profiling and Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. MetS Definition
2.5. Alcohol Consumption
2.6. Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Data
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Group (n = 1933) | MetS Group (n = 2153) | p | Control Group (n = 4700) | MetS Group (n = 3499) | p | ||
Age (years) (X ± SD) | 55.14 ± 5.50 | 56.68 (5.24) | <0.001a | 54.33 ± 5.33 | 57.18 ± 4.92 | <0.001a | |
Education (years) (X ± SD) | 13.30 ± 3.22 | 13.13 ± 3.17 | 0.084a | 13.67 ± 3.14 | 12.66 ± 3.12 | <0.001a | |
Body mass (kg) (X ± SD) | 80.06 ± 11.56 | 90.35 ± 12.31 | <0.001a | 67.55 ± 11.23 | 76.81 ± 12.95 | <0.001a | |
Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) (X ± SD) | 26.71 ± 3.45 | 30.04 ± 3.68 | <0.001a | 26.28 ± 4.56 | 30.27 ± 4.92 | <0.001a | |
Married or in a relationship: n (%) Single or widow/widower: n (%) | 1688 (87.33) 245 (12.67) | 1952 (90.66) 201 (9.34) | 0.001b | 3538 (75.28) 1162 (24.72) | 2564 (73.28) 935 (26.72) | 0.040b | |
Abdominal obesity: n (%) | 922 (47.70) | 1983 (92.10) | <0.001b | 2828 (60.17) | 3344 (95.57) | <0.001b | |
Elevated blood pressure or antihypertensive drug treatment: n (%) | 1318 (68.18) | 2049 (95.17) | <0.001b | 2558 (54.43) | 3181 (90.91) | <0.001b | |
Increased glucose concentration or drug treatment of elevated glucose: n (%) | 347 (17.95) | 1509 (70.09) | <0.001b | 345 (7.34) | 1898 (54.24) | <0.001b | |
Decreased HDL-cholesterol concentration or drug treatment for reduced HDL-cholesterol: n (%) | 63 (3.26) | 989 (45.94) | <0.001b | 296 (6.30) | 2254 (64.42) | <0.001b | |
Increased triglycerides concentration or drug treatment for elevated triglycerides: n (%) | 195 (10.09) | 1445 (67.12) | <0.001b | 243 (5.17) | 2331 (66.62) | <0.001b | |
Alcohol consumption (g/day): n (%) | |||||||
Nondrinkers (Men) | Nondrinkers (Women) | 265 (13.71) | 289 (13.42) | 0.015b | 746 (15.87) | 693 (19.81) | <0.001b |
0.1–10.0 | 0.1–5.0 | 1070 (55.35) | 1165 (54.11) | 3328 (70.81) | 2432 (69.51) | ||
10.1–20.0 | 5.1–10.0 | 358 (18.52) | 399 (18.53) | 413 (8.85) | 267 (7.63) | ||
20.1–30.0 | 10.1–15.0 | 154 (7.97) | 151 (7.01) | 98 (2.09) | 55 (1.57) | ||
>30.0 | >15.0 | 86 (4.45) | 149 (6.92) | 112 (2.38) | 52 (1.49) | ||
Current smokers: n (%) | 444 (22.97) | 436 (20.25) | <0.001b | 858 (18.26) | 646 (18.46) | 0.734b | |
No smokers: n (%) | 789 (22.97) | 662 (30.75) | 2489 (52.96) | 1823 (52.10) | |||
Former smokers: n (%) | 700 (36.21) | 1055 (49.00) | 1353 (28.78) | 1030 (29.44) | |||
Coffee consumption (portion/day) (X ± SD) | 1.88 ± 1.94 | 1.62 ± 1.85 | <0.001a | 2.05 ± 1.86 | 1.68 ± 1.72 | <0.001a | |
Physical activity (METs/min/week−1) (X ± SD) | 4984.0 ± 4154.9 | 4319.6 ± 3742.7 | <0.001a | 4600.6 ± 3532.2 | 4204.0 ± 3381.3 | <0.001a |
MetS Alcohol Consumption | Model I Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model II Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model III Adjusted + BMI OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–10.0 g | 0.99 (0.83–1.20) | 0.986 | 0.99 (0.82–120) | 0.920 | 0.99 (0.81–1.23) | 0.973 |
10.1–20.0 g | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | 0.846 | 1.05 (0.84–1.32) | 0.646 | 1.01 (0.78–1.29) | 0.963 |
20.1–30.0 g | 0.90 (0.68–1.19) | 0.456 | 0.98 (0.74–1.31) | 0.896 | 0.94 (0.68–1.29) | 0.697 |
>30.0 g of alcohol/day | 1.59 (1.16–2.17) | 0.004 | 1.73 (1.25–2.39) | 0.001 | 1.54 (1.08–2.19) | 0.016 |
Women | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–5.0 g | 0.79 (0.70–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | 0.796 | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.772 |
5.1–10.0 g | 0.69 (0.57–0.83) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.84–1.25) | 0.788 | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 0.345 |
10.1–15.0 g | 0.60 (0.43–0.85) | 0.004 | 0.92 (0.68–1.41) | 0.920 | 1.12 (0.76–1.65) | 0.579 |
>15.0 g of alcohol/day | 0.50 (0.35–0.71) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) | 0.100 | 0.72 (0.49–1.06) | 0.100 |
Abdominal Obesity Alcohol Consumption | Model I Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model II Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model III Adjusted + BMI OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–10.0 g | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) | 0.829 | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) | 0.841 | 1.06 (0.79–1.43) | 0.698 |
10.1–20.0 g | 1.04 (0.81–1.32) | 0.780 | 1.07 (0.84–1.37) | 0.590 | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) | 0.790 |
20.1–30.0 g | 1.05 (0.77–1.43) | 0.746 | 1.17 (0.85–1.60) | 0.344 | 1.24 (0.79–1.93) | 0.352 |
>30.0 g of alcohol/day | 1.42 (0.99–2.03) | 0.054 | 1.77 (1.07–2.92) | 0.025 | 1.35 (0.68–2.66) | 0.389 |
Women | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–5.0 g | 0.83 (0.72–0.95) | 0.008 | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 0.938 | 0.91 (0.74–1.11) | 0.350 |
5.1–10.0 g | 0.71 (0.58–0.87) | 0.001 | 1.00 (0.80–1.24) | 0.969 | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | 0.959 |
10.1–15.0 g | 0.58 (0.40–0.83) | 0.003 | 0.91 (0.62–1.32) | 0.614 | 1.07 (0.64–1.80) | 0.786 |
>15.0 g of alcohol/day | 0.62 (0.44–0.89) | 0.009 | 0.97 (0.67–1.40) | 0.857 | 0.87 (0.52–1.45) | 0.595 |
Elevated Blood Pressure or Antihypertensive Drug Treatment/Alcohol Consumption | Model I Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model II Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model III Adjusted + BMI OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–10.0 g | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | 0.674 | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 0.409 | 0.90 (0.70–1.15) | 0.396 |
10.1–20.0 g | 1.25 (0.93–1.67) | 0.138 | 1.28 (0.95–1.73) | 0.104 | 1.25 (0.92–1.69) | 0.152 |
20.1–30.0 g | 1.07 (0.74–1.55) | 0.706 | 1.15 (0.79–1.67) | 0.464 | 1.11 (0.76–1.63) | 0.577 |
>30.0 g of alcohol/day | 2.57 (1.53–4.30) | <0.001 | 2.76 (1.64–4.65) | <0.001 | 2.53 (1.49–4.30) | 0.001 |
Women | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–5.0 g | 0.76 (0.67–0.87) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.78–1.03) | 0.117 | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 0.084 |
5.1–10.0 g | 0.68 (0.55–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.75–1.14) | 0.450 | 0.95 (0.76–1.17) | 0.614 |
10.1–15.0 g | 0.72 (0.50–1.03) | 0.072 | 1.09 (0.75–1.58) | 0.665 | 1.17 (0.80–1.71) | 0.424 |
>15.0 g of alcohol/day | 0.79 (0.56–1.13) | 0.204 | 1.11 (0.77–1.61) | 0.569 | 1.09 (0.75–1.59) | 0.650 |
Increased Glucose Concentration or Drug Treatment of Elevated Glucose/Alcohol Consumption | Model I Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model II Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model III Adjusted + BMI OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–10.0 g | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 0.919 | 1.00 (0.82–1.20) | 0.964 | 1.00 (0.82–1.21) | 0.971 |
10.1–20.0 g | 1.15 (0.92–1.43) | 0.225 | 1.22 (0.97–1.52) | 0.087 | 1.19 (0.95–1.50) | 0.133 |
20.1–30.0 g | 1.14 (0.86–1.50) | 0.372 | 1.26 (0.95–1.68) | 0.113 | 1.25 (0.93–1.67) | 0.135 |
>30.0 g of alcohol/day | 1.57 (1.16–2.14) | 0.004 | 1.70 (1.24–2.32) | 0.001 | 1.58 (1.15–2.18) | 0.005 |
Women | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–5.0 g | 0.88 (0.78–1.01) | 0.061 | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | 0.597 | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 0.569 |
5.1–10.0 g | 1.17 (0.72–1.09) | 0.242 | 1.16 (0.94–1.44) | 0.159 | 1.24 (0.99–1.54) | 0.056 |
10.1–15.0 g | 1.17 (0.82–1.66) | 0.398 | 1.65 (1.14–2.38) | 0.008 | 1.84 (1.26–2.70) | 0.002 |
>15.0 g of alcohol/day | 0.65 (0.44–0.96) | 0.032 | 0.85 (0.57–1.27) | 0.436 | 0.86 (0.60–1.29) | 0.466 |
Decreased HDL Concentration or Drug Treatment for Reduced HDL-Cholesterol/Alcohol Consumption | Model I Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model II Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model III Adjusted + BMI OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–10.0 g | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 0.778 | 0.97 (0.79–1.20) | 0.777 | 0.97 (0.78–1.20) | 0.779 |
10.1–20.0 g | 0.71 (0.55–0.91) | 0.007 | 0.73 (0.56–0.94) | 0.016 | 0.70 (0.54–0.91) | 0.008 |
20.1–30.0 g | 0.57 (0.41–0.80) | 0.001 | 0.61 (0.43–0.86) | 0.005 | 0.60 (0.42–0.85) | 0.004 |
>30.0 g of alcohol/day | 0.51 (0.35–0.75) | 0.001 | 0.51 (0.35–0.76) | 0.001 | 0.47 (0.32–0.70) | <0.001 |
Women | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–5.0 g | 0.79 (0.70–0.89) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 0.261 | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 0.249 |
5.1–10.0 g | 0.60 (0.49–0.74) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.65–0.99) | 0.045 | 0.83 (0.67–1.02) | 0.083 |
10.1–15.0 g | 0.46 (0.31–0.69) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.44–0.99) | 0.048 | 0.68 (0.44–1.03) | 0.070 |
>15.0 g of alcohol/day | 0.41 (0.27–0.61) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.36–0.82) | 0.004 | 0.54 (0.35–0.82) | 0.004 |
Increased Triglycerides Concentration or Drug Treatment for Elevated Triglycerides/Alcohol Consumption | Model I Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model II Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Model III Adjusted + BMI OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–10.0 g | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) | 0.794 | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | 0.703 | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | 0.687 |
10.1–20.0 g | 1.07 (0.85–1.33) | 0.580 | 1.06 (0.85–1.34) | 0.594 | 1.03 (0.82–1.31) | 0.775 |
20.1–30.0 g | 0.99 (0.75–1.32) | 0.965 | 1.02 (0.76–1.37) | 0.880 | 1.01 (0.75–1.36) | 0.959 |
>30.0g of alcohol/day | 1.30 (0.95–1.77) | 0.097 | 1.29 (0.95–1.77) | 0.107 | 1.19 (0.87–1.64) | 0.277 |
Women | ||||||
Nondrinkers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
0.1–5.0 g | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.011 | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 0.794 | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 0.795 |
5.1–10.0 g | 0.74 (0.61–0.91) | 0.003 | 1.01 (0.82–1.24) | 0.934 | 1.04 (0.84–1.28) | 0.713 |
10.1–15.0 g | 0.62 (0.42–0.91) | 0.014 | 0.90 (0.61–1.33) | 0.592 | 0.93 (0.62–1.39) | 0.734 |
>15.0 g of alcohol/day | 0.55 (0.37–0.80) | 0.002 | 0.74 (0.50–1.09) | 0.125 | 0.74 (0.50–1.10) | 0.133 |
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Suliga, E.; Kozieł, D.; Ciesla, E.; Rebak, D.; Głuszek-Osuch, M.; Głuszek, S. Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2764. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11112764
Suliga E, Kozieł D, Ciesla E, Rebak D, Głuszek-Osuch M, Głuszek S. Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2764. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11112764
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuliga, Edyta, Dorota Kozieł, Elzbieta Ciesla, Dorota Rebak, Martyna Głuszek-Osuch, and Stanisław Głuszek. 2019. "Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2764. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11112764