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Article

Theoretical Study on Electronic Structural Properties of Catalytically Reactive Metalloporphyrin Intermediates

by
Meijuan Cao
1,
Aijing Gao
1,
Yuanyuan Liu
2,3,
Yang Zhou
2,3,*,
Zhicheng Sun
1,*,
Yaling Li
1,
Furui He
2,3,
Luhai Li
1,*,
Lixin Mo
1,
Ruping Liu
1,
Yumeng Han
1 and
Yonggang Yang
1
1
Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
2
School of Chemical Engineering, Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
3
Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2020, 10(2), 224; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal10020224
Submission received: 15 December 2019 / Revised: 31 January 2020 / Accepted: 5 February 2020 / Published: 13 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments on Catalysis by Metalloporphyrins and Analogues)
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Abstract

:
Metalloporphyrins have attracted great attention in the potential application of biomimetic catalysis. Especially, they were widely investigated as green catalysts in the chemical oxidation of various hydrocarbons through the catalytic activation of molecular oxygen. The structural properties of active central metal ions were reported to play a decisive role in catalytic activity. However, those delicate structural changes are difficult to be experimentally captured or elucidated in detail. Herein, we explored the electronic structural properties of metalloporphyrins (metal porphyrin (PMII, PMIIICl)) and their corresponding catalytically active intermediates (metal(III)-peroxo(PMIII-O2), metal(III)-hydroperoxo(PMIII-OH), and metal(IV)-oxo(PMIV=O), (M=Fe, Mn, and Co)) through the density functional theory method. The ground states of these intermediates were determined based on the assessment of relative energy and the corresponding geometric structures of ground states also further confirmed the stability of energy. Furthermore, our analyses of Mulliken charges and frontier molecular orbitals revealed the potential catalytic behavior of reactive metalloporphyrin intermediates.

1. Introduction

Metalloporphyrins have been widely used as impressive catalysts in broad chemical reactions [1,2,3,4,5,6,7], including hydroxylation [8,9], epoxidation [10,11], reduction of nitric oxide [12], oxidation of sulfides [13], radical reactions [14,15], halogenation [16], cycloaddition [17,18], and reduction [19,20]. During the application of metalloporphyrins, the characterization of reactive intermediates is of great importance for the understanding of reaction mechanism. For example, Ali et al. explored the electronic structure, spin-states, and spin-crossover reaction of heme-related Fe-porphyrins based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations [21]. In the mechanistic studies, high-valent iron(IV)-oxo species have been implicated as the key reactive intermediates in the catalytic cycles of alkanes oxidation by heme and non-heme iron enzymes [22,23,24], as well as the Mn and Co-oxo species [25,26,27,28,29]. In addition, spectroscopic characterization found a hydroperoxo-heme intermediate converted from a side-on peroxo to an end-on hydroperoxo complex [30]. The low-spin end-on ferric peroxo heme intermediate has been proposed as an alternative reactive intermediate in the one electron reduction of a ferric heme [31]. Furthermore, the electronic structure of substituted iron(II) porphyrins has been theoretically studied with intermediate or high spin state [32]. The oxygen activation associated with Co, Mn, and Mo porphyrins has been studied by quantum chemical methods [33]. Moreover, ferric-superoxo complexes in the oxygen activation by non-heme iron(II) complex were understood by the theoretical calculations [34]. Hydrogen peroxide activated by high-valent heme centers was investigated by density functional theory, implicating its catalytic ability in the catalytic cycle [35]. Therefore, theoretical calculation and spectroscopic characterization are mostly employed for the mechanistic studies of these catalytic reactions involved with metalloporphyrins.
To the best of our knowledge, porphyrins and metalloporphyrins are considered as the most popular biometric catalysts in the functionalization of C-H with various substrates. For instance, alkane can be readily activated by a homogeneous manganese (III) porphyrin-iodosyl benzene oxidizing system [36]. Manganese porphyrins could also selectively catalyze the halogenations of C-H bond [3]. Oxidation of cyclohexene via molecular oxygen can be completed by cobalt porphyrin complexes immobilized on montmorillonite [37]. In addition to these experimental studies, theoretical studies were also widely performed to understand the catalytic role of these metalloporphyrins. For example, a DFT study found that tetra-amido macrocyclic ligands were substantially noninnocent to high-valent iron, cobalt, and nickel tetraamidomacrocyclic ligand (TAML) complexes [38]. A quantitative structure-activity relationship model (QSAR) study on metalloporphyrin catalysts was carried out in the oxidation of cyclohexane to adipic acid [39]. Theoretical studies were performed to explore a unique class of reactive molecules of iron(III)-nitro porphyrins [40,41]. Despite the diversity of active sites reported, a common mechanistic hypothesis for dioxygen activation is emerging. In this unified approach [42,43,44], dioxygen might initially bind to a reduced metal center to form a metal-superoxo complex, and subsequently the peroxo intermediates [42,45]. Then, O-O bond cleavage of metal-hydroperoxo species possibly results in the formation of high-valent metal-oxo oxidants [4,46,47], which are considered as the reactive species to oxidize the substrates. Therefore, it is significantly important to determine the corresponding reactive intermediates and evaluate their chemical properties.
Although the wide utilization of metalloporphyrins in the catalytic oxidation of alkanes, the reactive intermediates are difficult to be captured and the electronic structure properties of intermediates are still unclear thus far. In fact, the electronic structure of these reaction intermediates of metalloporphyrins plays a key role in the determination of their function and reactivity [48]. In this work, we explored the intermediates of electronic and geometric properties in the activation of molecular oxygen via metalloporphyrins based on the DFT calculations. Firstly, the ground state of the metalloporphyrin intermediates was evaluated by calculating the relative energy of intermediates. Then, the geometric structure of the ground state intermediates was compared with the data of experiments and then the electronic structure of ground state was confirmed to be stable. Finally, the electronic property of the intermediates was analyzed to give a deep insight into catalytic behavior of porphyrin in the oxidation reaction of alkanes.

2. Computational Methods

The selection of proper calculation methods is essentially important to obtain reliable molecular structures and properties. In this study, DFT calculations were carried out using the Amsterdam density functional (ADF2009.01) program package developed by Baerends and his co-workers [49,50,51]. All metalloporphyrin compounds were optimized with OLYP (unrestricted formalism) generalized gradient approximations based on the OPTX exchange functional [52,53]. The OLYP functional was reported to show great performance in the calculation of metal-complexes [54,55]. Various density functional predict methods could provide greatly different results. Specifically, OLYP was proved to be an appropriate model for the oxygen bonding with metalloporphyrins [54,56,57,58]. Any spin contamination observed in our calculation was ignored due to their low influence (<5%). To obtain accurate results, the triple-ζ plus polarization slater-type orbital basis sets (TZP) and a fine mesh numerical integration of the matrix elements were employed. The sub-valence 3s and 3p shells of the metal center were included in the valence set. For C and N atoms, 2s and 2p were considered as valence shells, respectively. The other shells of lower energy, such as [Ne] for the metal and [He] for C/N, were described as the core. The specific structures of calculated intermediates are listed in Figure 1.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. The Ground State

To determine the ground states of the metalloporphyrins and intermediates shown in Figure 1, the relative energy of metalloporphyrins with various possible spin states were calculated. As listed in Table 1, PFeII has an S=1 ground state, arising from the (dxy)2(dz2)2(dπ)2 configuration. Typically, FeII ion (d6) has a 5T2g ground state from the ligand field. Therefore, our calculated results were consistent with both experimental and theoretical observations [59,60]. The S=2 state of PFeII is an intermediate state with an energy level of 112.90 kcal·mol−1 higher than the ground state. In addition, the S=0 state of PFeII is the high spin state with an energy of 191.66 kcal.mol−1. For PMnII species, we obtained an S=3/2 ground state, which is in agreement with Liao’s theoretical work [61]. Furthermore, our results indicate that PCoII has an S=1/2 ground state, which is consistent with the configuration assignment (dxy)2(dπ)4(dz2)1 reported by the Lin group based on those Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectra [62].
To the best of our knowledge, the spin state of FeIII(d5) is complicated, due to the possible existence of two energy low-lying states, including intermediate state (S=3/2) [61,63] and the high-spin one (S=5/2) [64,65]. As shown in Table 1, our calculated results show that spin quantum number (S) of the ground state is 3/2 for PFeIIICl, while the high spin (S=5/2) was obtained with a slightly higher energy level of 18.38 kcal.mol−1. This result suggests that a mixed state of S=3/2 and 5/2 might be observed for PFeIIICl complex, consistent with spin states studied by magnetic moments and Moessbauer parameters [66]. Furthermore, the ground state of MnIII complexes was determined to be S=2 state, which agrees with the DFT theoretical results reported by Kepenekian et al. [67]. The high spin ground state of PMnIIICl probably resulted from the redistribution of both σ and π charges. CoIII cation with d6 electronic configuration PCoIIICl was obtained with an S=0 ground state according to our calculation results.
These mononuclear meta-dioxygen (PMIII-O2) adducts were implicated as key intermediates in dioxygen activation reactions catalyzed by metalloenzymes. Thus, the structural and the electronic properties of these reactive species are helpful to understand their biological or chemical roles of catalytic activities. As mentioned above, dioxygen may be bound to the metal center through either end-on or side-on approach. According to the data listed in Table 2, the DFT energetic results suggested that both side-on PFeIII-O2 and end-on PFeIII-O2 have the S=0 ground state. The side-on PMnIIIO2 has an S=3/2 ground state, while the end-on PMnIII-O2 has an S=5/2 ground state. Additionally, the end-on PCoIII-O2 has an S=1/2 ground state.
The oxidative manganese (IV) intermediates were reported to include either hydroxo or oxo ligand. The high-valent iron(IV)-oxo species have been proposed as an oxidant intermediate in the C-H abstraction reaction. As shown in Table 3, PFeIVO was calculated to have an S=1 ground state and an S=2 active state. This intermediate had a high spin (S=2) iron(IV)-oxo unit with a double bond character between iron center and oxygen atom. In contrast, PMnIVO had an S=1/2 ground state with three unpaired electrons distributed between manganese and oxygen atom in a ratio of 1:2. The active state had a higher energy level (68.26 kcal.mol−1) than the ground state. Based on Shaik’s two-state theory [68], the high spin state of PFeIVO was assumed to have a higher catalytic reactivity in the C-H oxidation. Our energetic calculations found that PCoIVO had an S=3/2 ground state and an S=5/2 active state. These calculated energetic results demonstrate reasonable spin sate for the high-valent species.
PMnIIIOH species was reported to have a similar hydrogen abstraction capability as compared to PMnIV=O [69]. As the reductant of high-valent species, PFeIIIOH was predicted to have an S=3/2 ground state, which was different from that of PFeOIIIH reported in the literature [70]. Furthermore, PMnIIIOH was found with a high-spin ground state (S=2). However, PCoIIIOH was shown with a low-spin ground state (S=0).

3.2. The Geometric Structure

To understand the specific structural features, the geometric structure of the ground state intermediates was optimized to confirm the ground state of intermediates. The geometric structure model of intermediates is shown in Figure 2. The calculated geometry parameters are recorded in Figure S1. The data of Cm-Cα, Cα-Cβ, Cα-Cβ, and Cα-N obtained from PFeII species agreed well with those parameters reported in the crystal structure [71]. The Fe-N bond length was calculated to be 1.997 Å, which is close to that of 2.003 Å reported by Rauk [72]. Typically, the FeII was set in plane of the porphyrin. Thus, these calculated geometric parameters of PFeII are consistent with experimental values obtained from crystal structures.
The geometric structure parameters of PMIIICl are summarized in Figure S2. The bond length of Fe-Cl in PFeIIICl was 2.224 Å (exp. 2.221 Å) and Fe-N bond was 2.213 Å (exp. 2.087 Å). These calculated bond lengths were consistent with experimental data [73]. The degree of ∠NαFeNβ was 148.8°, which indicated that Fe atom was stretched out of the plane defined by four N atoms toward the axial chloride atom. As compared to PFeII, Fe-N bond distance in PFeIIICl was elongated by about 0.2 Å. For PMnIIICl, Mn-N bond length was 2.002 Å and the axial Mn-Cl distance was 2.297 Å. Thus, Mn atom was out of the plane by 0.16 Å [74]. Mn-N bond had a length of 1.965 Å, which was slightly longer than the experimental value of 1.947 Å [75]. In the model of PCoIIICl, the calculated Co-N bond length was 2.006 Å, which was shorter than both Mn-N and Fe-N bonds. The C-C bond length was comparable with that of the low-spin cobalt porphyrin reported by the Scheidt group [76]. Thus, our calculated ground states of these complexes were in great agreement with their crystal structures.
The geometric structure parameters of PMIIIO2 were compared with the experimental data to confirm the ground state. As shown in Figure S3, the Fe-O, Fe-N, and O-O bond lengths in PFeIII with end-on oxygen were 1.729, 2.023, and 1.275 Å, respectively. For PFeIII with side-on oxygen, the bond lengths of Fe–O and O-O are higher than those observed in PFeIII with end-on oxygen. The other bond parameters are greatly close to these values of PFeIII with end-on oxygen. In addition to a delicate difference observed in Mn-N for the Mn porphyrin complexes between side-on and end-on oxygen, all the other bond lengths are almost in the same range. The O-O bond in Co porphyrin complex with end-on oxygen has similar bond length with that of FeII-O2, but Co-O bond is slightly longer than Fe-O bond. Interestingly, as compared to both Fe and Mn porphyrins, Co porphyrin was observed with little change for the peroxo side-on geometry (data not shown). Therefore, the coordination of oxygen on the metalloporphyrins influences the structure of metal center cores, but it shows little effect on the porphyrin ligand plane.
To understand the structure of metal centers, it would be of significance to inspect the M-O-O angles obtained from these reactive species. The corresponding angle data are summarized in Figure 3. For these end-on oxygen adducts, M-O-O angles are much larger than those of side-on complexes. For Fe and Mn porphyrins with end-on oxygen, the same M-O-O angles (~124.3°) were observed, which are much higher than that of Co-O-O (~110°) in Co porphyrin. The angles of Fe/Mn-O-O were close to 120°, indicating that these orbitals have the property of sp2-like bonding. Specifically, the O-O bond length in these metalloporphyrin adducts with end-on oxygen was 1.275 (Fe), 1.382 (Mn), and 1.280 (Co) Å, respectively. As compared to regular O-O bond length in molecular oxygen, these bond length values indicated that O2 has been greatly elongated in the PMIII-O2 adducts. Due to the elongation of O-O bond, we presumed that high valent metalloporphyrin species can be generated from the cleavage of O-O bond. Fe and Mn porphyrins with the side-on oxygen showed a much lower M-O-O angle value (> 50°) than those observed in end-one model. However, Mn-O-O angle was slightly higher (~ 10°) than that of Fe-O-O.
M(IV)=O species was considered as the most reactive intermediate in oxygen activation, which can readily abstract the hydrogen to generate the metal-hydroxy complex. We also investigated the bond length differences of these metal(IV)-oxo and metal(III)-hydroxy complexes (see Figure 4). In addition to the differences obtained from M-O and M-N bonds, all other chemical bonds show little variations in these intermediates. Therefore, metal center should be the catalytic active site. M-N bonds (~2.022 Å) for three metal-oxo species are similar to each other. However, Co-O bond (1.733 Å) is slightly longer than those of Fe/Mn-O bond (~1.632 Å). After the formation of PMIIIOH species, M-N seems to be shortened, while M-O bond is observed to be slightly elongated. In PMIIIOH intermediates, similar M-N bond lengths were observed to be ~1.95 Å. However, a great difference was observed in M-O bond length. Mn-O bond length was 1.952 Å, which was longer than that in PFeIIIOH (1.740 Å) or PCoIIIOH (1.850 Å). We expected that a longer M-O bond can facilitate the transfer of active oxygen. In addition, the angle of Fe-O-H was 105.5° in PFeIIIOH, which is slightly smaller than those of Mn-O-H and Co-O-H. To the best of our knowledge, PFeIIIOH was considered to react with alkane radical and to form Fe-O-C in the OH rebound step. The relative smaller M-O-H angle is likely to facilitate the combination of PFeIIIOH and alkane radical.

3.3. Mulliken Charge

To explore the dedicate structure of intermediates, the Mulliken charge of these metalloporphyrins was also analyzed (see Figure 5A). Interestingly, for all these complexes, the metal center is the most positive site, while N atoms are present with the most negative charges. Additionally, no great difference was observed in all H and C atoms from these metalloporphyrins. Specifically, the charge distributed on Fe, Mn, and Co atom was 1.02, 1.276, and 0.846, respectively. Thus, a more positive charge was observed on MnIII than FeIII and CoIII cations. For negative change on N atoms, those N atoms from MnIII porphyrin had slightly lower negative charge than those present in Fe and Co porphyrins. The charge distribution property of these metalloporphyrins with chloride as axial ligand is similar to the order of that derived from metalloporphyrins without chloride ligand. The metal center and N atoms in PMnIIICl complex have the highest positive charge and mostly negative charge, respectively. Furthermore, the axial Cl ligand in PMnIIICl complex also show much negative charge (−0.5), which had a decreased effect on the charge of CoII ion. We presumed that the electronic structure can greatly influence the catalytic reactivity, because these metal centers are the active sites for the oxygen absorption and activation. Based on our Mulliken charge distribution results, we concluded that PMnII was much easier to combine with molecular oxygen than Fe and Co porphyrins, due to the presence of most positive charge on Mn center.
With the incorporation of oxygen on metal centers, it is clearly observed that Mulliken charges distribution in PMIII-O2 complexes have been greatly changed as compared to those without oxygen. Furthermore, the charge on end-on PMnIII-O2 complex was different from metal centers in PFeIIIO2-endon and PCoIIIO2-endon adducts (see Figure 5B). Typically, Mn center has a slightly higher positive charge than Fe and Co Centers. The oxygen located in β positions also demonstrate certain differences in the negative charge. In contrast, the negative charge of oxygen atoms in α position show little difference. Additionally, atoms of Hm, Cβ, and H presented in the end-on PMnIII-O2 complex have much lower negative charge than those presented in the other PMIII-O2 complexes.
Mulliken charges on PMIV=O and PMIIIOH complexes are shown in Figure 5C. All metal centers have the most positive charge. In addition, we can see that the charge on CoIV ion was lower than that of FeIV and MnIV ions for high valent species. The charge on O atom was −0.508 |e| for PFeIVO and PCoIVO, but it was only −0.213 |e| for PMnIVO. The negative charge on O atoms can be employed to estimate the hydrogen abstraction ability of these complexes. The more negative charge indicated that PFeIVO and PCoIVO can more readily abstract H atom from C-H bond in substrates.
For all hydroxy species, O atoms have more negative charge than these high valent species (PMIVO). Indeed, PFeIIIOH was considered to combine with alkane radical in the OH radical rebound step. The more negative charge on O can promote the combination of iron-hydroxo species with alkane radical. The O atom of PMnIIIOH is more negative than that of PFeIIIOH and PCoIIIOH. Previously, the iron-hydroperoxo species was assumed to be a sluggish oxidant. The oxidation ability of the intermediate cannot compete with that of high-valent iron(IV)-oxo species, while both iron-oxo and iron-hydroperoxo species have been recently proposed as oxidants in cytochrome P450. The O atom of PFeIIIOH is more negative than that in PFeIVO, inferring that FeIIIOH was expected to be a stronger nucleophilic agent.

3.4. Frontier Molecular Orbitals

The bonding properties of metalloporphyrins are important to understand the nature of catalytic process. As shown in Figure 6, HOMO of PFeII was mainly constituted by Fe-dxz orbital, while LUMO was made up by Fe-dz2 orbital. In fact, Fe-dz2 orbital protruded out of porphyrin surface, which was therefore stereochemically active. In addition, 92.79% of HOMO in PMnII complex was dxy orbital. Unlike Fe center in PFeII, Mn metal was located within porphyrin plane, exhibiting less stereochemical activity than typical dz2 orbital. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) of PCoII was active in stereochemistry, which is similar to that of PFeII. However, PCoII energy levels of FMO were lower than those of PFeII and PMnII. Indeed, LUMO played an important role with respect to the activation of dioxygen. Once oxygen was coordinated to central iron, oxygen was considered to be activated. The LUMO in these complexes served as an electron acceptor to accept electron from HOMO of oxidant. The lower ELUMO reduced FMO energy gap between metalloporphyrin and molecular oxygen, which is favorable in the electron transfer between the catalyst and the oxidant. FMO analysis revealed that PFeII and PCoII were more stereochemically favorable than PMnII in the activation of dioxygen. However, PCoII was considered to be the most advantageous in orbital energy. For PFeIIICl, the LUMO was made up with Fe-dxy orbital, while PMnIIICl consisted of Mn-dx2-z2 orbital. Both HOMOs of PFeIIICl and PMnIIICl were admixed with Cl-pz orbital to form the hybrid dz2-pz orbital that is much less stereochemically active. The axial chloride lowered energy level of HOMO and LUMO for PFeIIICl as compared with their counterparts. In contrast to the unligated oxidation, oxidation may occur under the HOMO control approach.
The relative extent of iron–porphyrin interactions can be qualitatively evaluated through spin population and orbital contribution analyses. As shown in Figure 7, the nature of ground state of ferrous ion critically depended upon the energy of dz2 orbital relative to those of dxz and dyz orbitals. For most of porphyrin derivatives, the ground state was 3A2g, which was strongly perturbed by the closely lying 3Eg excited state. This strong mixing with spin-orbit coupling explained the large orbital contribution to magnetic susceptibility of these complexes. A small axial perturbation could induce a reversal of ground state with corresponding inversion of magnetic anisotropy. This was promoted by the back-bonding between the filled dxz orbital of heme-iron and the empty p orbital of carbine. The manganese (IV) species with a MnIVOH group had a higher redox potential. A ligand σ* back bonding interaction existed only in the side-on complexes.
The characteristics of frontier molecular orbital were greatly associated with the properties of catalytic intermediates. Such a state was interpreted in term of a molecular orbital. As shown in Figure 8, The HOMO of S=1 PFeIVO was consisted of dxy orbital and O-py orbital, in which they interacted to form π orbital. In this case, π orbital of PFeIVO attacks the C-H bond, and the attack orientation is near to 90° (perpendicularly). In general, dz2 is a σ *-type orbital, but the S=2 FeIV=O intermediate provides occupied and unoccupied π FMOs. These have different orientation dependencies, providing an active site flexibility in using this orientation to control the reactivity. Whereas PMnIV=O species provides the occupied π FMOs, PCoIV=O complex gives unoccupied σ FMOs.
As shown in Figure 8, LUMO of PFeIIIOH was consisted with Fe-dxz and O-px, to form the π * orbital of PFeIIIOH. The HOMO of PFeIIIOH was made up by Fe-dyz and O-py, generating the π orbital of PFeIIIOH. They provided the px,y characters, which is perpendicular to the Fe-O bond. PMnIIIOH was observed to σ bond with Mn-dx2-y2 and O-px orbitals, which provided a character for C-H bond attacking along with the Fe-O bond. Finally, for the PCoIIIOH, LUMO has a character of dz2 σ, which displayed oxo px character that is oriented along with Fe-O bond. The HOMO of PCoIIIOH was dπ FMO that is composed of Co-pxz and O-pz, facilitating C-H bond attacked perpendicular to Co-O bond. The FMO of PCoIIIOH provided flexible orientation for C-H bond attack and it implied a potential oxidant for PCoIIIOH.

4. Conclusions

To summarize, ground states of PMII (M=Fe, Mn, and Co) were determined by energy assessment and confirmed by experimental results. The geometric structure of intermediates was further analyzed to confirm the ground state. Mulliken charges suggested that non-ligated metalloporphyrin was favorable to activate dioxygen. MnII showed higher activity to dioxygen than PFeII and PCoII. Our results also indicate that O atom of iron-hydroxo species (PFeIIIOH) carried more negative charge than that of high-valent species that showed the potential oxidant ability. Specifically, PCoIIIOH provided flexible orientation for C-H bond attack. Frontier molecular orbital analysis demonstrated that non-ligated PMII facilitated activating the dioxygen. These metalloporphyrins provided the flexible orbital orientation that were beneficial to the adduct of dioxygen. The PFeIVO had two π and π * type orbitals for C-H bond attack that is perpendicular to Fe-O bond. PMnIV=O only had one π type orbital, which facilitated the C-H perpendicular attack. PCoIV=O might benefit to the C-H bond attack in the orientation than PFeIVO and PMnIV=O. PCoIIIOH exhibited a strong oxidant ability since the C-H bond provided the flexible orientation for C-H bond attack. Currently, research on the mechanism of C-H bond attacking by possible reactive metalloporphyrin intermediates is undergoing in our lab. These studies give novel insights into geometric and electronic structure properties of catalytically active sites, which are likely to provide new understanding of the selective redox roles of metalloporphyrins in biomimetic catalysis and the catalytic behavior of related metaloenzymes in biological processes.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/2073-4344/10/2/224/s1, Figure S1: Geometric parameters of the ground state for PMII (*presents the experimental value), Figure S2: Geometric parameters of the ground state for PMIIICl (*presents the experimental value), Figure S3: Geometric parameters of side-on and end-on PMII-O2 intermediates.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.C. and A.G.; methodology, M.C. and Y.Z.; software, M.C.; validation, Y.L. (Yuanyuan Liu), F.H., M.L. and Y.Y.,; formal analysis, R.L.; investigation, Y.L. (Luhai Li); resources, R.L. and Z.S.; data curation, M.C. and Y.Z.; writing-original draft preparation, M.C.; writing-review and editing, F.H., Z.S. and Y.Z.; visualization, Y.H.; supervision, Y.Z. and L.L.; project administration, Y.Z. and Z.S.; funding acquisition, M.C., Z.S and L.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the General and Youth Projects of Natural Science of China (Grant Nos. 21706016, 61971049 and 21776021), the Beijing Municipal Education Commission (Grant Nos. 04190118002/092, 04190118002/042, KZ202010015024 and KZ201910015016), Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (Z181100004418004), Project by Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation (ZZ-20160X), BIGC Key Project (Ea201603), and the BIGC Talent Project and Undergraduate Student Research Education Foundation.

Acknowledgments

We also thank Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication and Hainan University for financial support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Catalysts 10 00224 g001 550
Figure 1. The geometric structure of metalloporphyrins and intermediates: (i) metalloporphyrin, PMII, PMIIICl; (ii) metal(III)-peroxo complex, PMIII-O2; (iii) metal(IV)-oxo complex, PMIVO; and (iv) metal(III)-hydroxy complex, PMIIIOH.
Figure 1. The geometric structure of metalloporphyrins and intermediates: (i) metalloporphyrin, PMII, PMIIICl; (ii) metal(III)-peroxo complex, PMIII-O2; (iii) metal(IV)-oxo complex, PMIVO; and (iv) metal(III)-hydroxy complex, PMIIIOH.
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Figure 2. The geometric structure of intermediate.
Figure 2. The geometric structure of intermediate.
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Figure 3. The M-O-O angles of side-on and end-on PMII-O2 intermediates.
Figure 3. The M-O-O angles of side-on and end-on PMII-O2 intermediates.
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Figure 4. Calculated bond lengths of PMIV=O and PMIIIOH (M=Fe, Mn, and Co) intermediates.
Figure 4. Calculated bond lengths of PMIV=O and PMIIIOH (M=Fe, Mn, and Co) intermediates.
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Catalysts 10 00224 g005a 550Catalysts 10 00224 g005b 550
Figure 5. Mulliken charges on: (A) PMII/PMIIICl (M=Fe, Mn, and Co); (B) PMIII-O2 (M=Fe, Mn, and Co); and (C) PMIV = O/PMIIIOH (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
Figure 5. Mulliken charges on: (A) PMII/PMIIICl (M=Fe, Mn, and Co); (B) PMIII-O2 (M=Fe, Mn, and Co); and (C) PMIV = O/PMIIIOH (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
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Catalysts 10 00224 g006a 550Catalysts 10 00224 g006b 550
Figure 6. Frontier molecular orbitals of PMII and PMIIICl (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
Figure 6. Frontier molecular orbitals of PMII and PMIIICl (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
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Figure 7. Frontier molecular orbitals of PMIII and PMIII-O2 (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
Figure 7. Frontier molecular orbitals of PMIII and PMIII-O2 (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
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Figure 8. Frontier molecular orbitals of PMIVO and PMIIIOH (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
Figure 8. Frontier molecular orbitals of PMIVO and PMIIIOH (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
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Table
Table 1. Energies (in kcal.mol−1) of PMII and PMIIICl (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
Table 1. Energies (in kcal.mol−1) of PMII and PMIIICl (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
Spin States(S)Electronic Figuration01/213/225/2Ground State
PFeIId6191.66-0.00-112.90-1 [41,42]
PMnIId5-1207.73-0-136.533/2 [43]
PCoIId7--0-86.64--1/2 [44,45]
PFeIIICld5-44.63-0.00-18.383/2 [46], 5/2 [47]
PMnIIICld4388.57-68.26-0-2 [48]
PCoIIICld60-31.51-63.01--
Table
Table 2. Relative energies of the intermediates PMIIO2 (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
Table 2. Relative energies of the intermediates PMIIO2 (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
Spin States(S)Electronic Configuration01/213/225/2
PFeIIIO2-side-on-0.00-18.38-94.52-
PFeIIIO2-end-ond50.00-21.00-73.51-
PMnIIIO2-side-ond4-73.51-0-52.51
PMnIIIO2-end-ond4-10.50-2.63-0
PCoIIIO2-end-ond6-0-47.26--
Table
Table 3. Relative energies of PMIVO and PMIIIOH (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
Table 3. Relative energies of PMIVO and PMIIIOH (M=Fe, Mn, and Co).
Spin States(S)Electronic Configuration01/213/225/2Ground State
PFeIVOd484.02-0.00-68.26-1
PMnIVOd3-0-44.63---
PCoIVOd5-433.21-0-147.29-
PFeOIIIHd5-42.01-0.00-44.633/2
PMnOIIIHd481.39-31.51-0--
PCoOIIIHd60-94.52-133.90--

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Cao, M.; Gao, A.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Sun, Z.; Li, Y.; He, F.; Li, L.; Mo, L.; Liu, R.; et al. Theoretical Study on Electronic Structural Properties of Catalytically Reactive Metalloporphyrin Intermediates. Catalysts 2020, 10, 224. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal10020224

AMA Style

Cao M, Gao A, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Sun Z, Li Y, He F, Li L, Mo L, Liu R, et al. Theoretical Study on Electronic Structural Properties of Catalytically Reactive Metalloporphyrin Intermediates. Catalysts. 2020; 10(2):224. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal10020224

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Cao, Meijuan, Aijing Gao, Yuanyuan Liu, Yang Zhou, Zhicheng Sun, Yaling Li, Furui He, Luhai Li, Lixin Mo, Ruping Liu, and et al. 2020. "Theoretical Study on Electronic Structural Properties of Catalytically Reactive Metalloporphyrin Intermediates" Catalysts 10, no. 2: 224. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal10020224

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