Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Extrusion and Deposition Process of a Poly(lactic Acid) Strand with Fused Deposition Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Measurements
2.1.1. Setup
2.1.2. Rheological Characterization of Material
2.1.3. Image Processing
2.1.4. Characterization of the Deposited Strands
2.2. Numerical Simulations
2.2.1. Numerical Models and Approximations
2.2.2. Flow Conditions and Domain
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Numerical Results-Sensitivity to Modeling Parameters
3.2. Confrontation of Numerical and Experimental Results
3.3. Influence of the Printing Head Velocity Fluctuations
4. Conclusions
- The measurement of the print speed and the deposited volumetric flux of material allows for a precise estimation of the extruded flow velocity.
- The predicted shape of the extruded flow in the meniscus region is well validated by high-speed visualization in the range of parameters studied.
- The average strand shape and dimensions predicted by CFD coincides in general very well with the ones of the solidified samples measured by SEM. This extends the conclusions in Reference [24] to high printing speeds.
- The sinusoidal behavior of the printing head velocity leads to a visible roughness pattern on the strand. This instability is not predicted by the CFD approach used here, presumably because solidification is not accounted for.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ABS | Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene |
AM | Additive Manufacturing |
CFD | Computational Fluid Dynamics |
FDM | Fused Deposition Modeling |
FFF | Filament Fused Fabrication |
LED | Light Emitting Diode |
PET | Polyethylene Terephthalate |
PLA | Poly-Lactic Acid |
VOF | Volume Of Fluid |
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Process Parameter | Symbol | Unit | Values |
---|---|---|---|
Nozzle separation | h | mm | 0.2, 0.3 |
Printing head velocity | V | mm/s | 15, 22, 30 |
Extrusion mean velocity | U | mm/s | 7.5, 11, 15 (), 11.5, 16.9, 23.1 () |
Normalized printing head velocity | - | 2 (), 1.3 () | |
Extrusion temperature | T | °C | 215 |
Property | Symbol | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Density | kg/m3 | 1250 | |
Dynamic viscosity (newtonian) | Pa·s | 330 | |
Shear rate dependent viscosity | Pa·s | Equation (3) | |
Surface tension | N/m | 0.04 | |
Linear thermal expansion coefficient | °C−1 |
Mesh | Cell Number | Min. Cell Size |
---|---|---|
Coarse | 600,000 | 40 m |
Medium | 2,400,000 | 20 m |
Fine | 7,700,000 | 10 m |
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Gosset, A.; Barreiro-Villaverde, D.; Becerra Permuy, J.C.; Lema, M.; Ares-Pernas, A.; Abad López, M.J. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Extrusion and Deposition Process of a Poly(lactic Acid) Strand with Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers 2020, 12, 2885. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym12122885
Gosset A, Barreiro-Villaverde D, Becerra Permuy JC, Lema M, Ares-Pernas A, Abad López MJ. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Extrusion and Deposition Process of a Poly(lactic Acid) Strand with Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers. 2020; 12(12):2885. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym12122885
Chicago/Turabian StyleGosset, Anne, David Barreiro-Villaverde, Juan Carlos Becerra Permuy, Marcos Lema, Ana Ares-Pernas, and María José Abad López. 2020. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Extrusion and Deposition Process of a Poly(lactic Acid) Strand with Fused Deposition Modeling" Polymers 12, no. 12: 2885. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym12122885