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Article

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Bmy1 Intron III Alleles Conferring the Genotypic Variations in β-Amylase Activity under Drought Stress between Tibetan Wild and Cultivated Barley

by
Xiaojian Wu
1,
Wenhao Yue
1,
Kangfeng Cai
1,
Huan Wang
2,
Fanrong Zeng
2 and
Junmei Wang
1,*
1
Key Laboratory of Digital Dry Upland Crops of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
2
Agronomy Department, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2022, 12(8), 1737; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy12081737
Submission received: 30 May 2022 / Revised: 5 July 2022 / Accepted: 20 July 2022 / Published: 22 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Collection Crop Breeding for Stress Tolerance)
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Abstract

:
β-amylase activity is related to the polymorphisms of Bmy1 intron III; however, no attention has been given to such relationships under environmental stresses such as drought. In this study, 73 cultivated barley genotypes and 52 Tibetan wild barley accessions were used to test the association between Bmy1 gene intron III polymorphisms and β-amylase activity under drought stress. Our results showed that three alleles, Bmy1.a, Bmy1.b, and Bmy1.c, existed in the examined barley genotypes. Tibetan wild barley had a higher proportion of Bmy1.b, whereas cultivated barley showed a higher proportion of Bmy1.a. Impressively, barley genotypes with Bmy1.b showed a significant increase in β-amylase activity under drought stress, compared with those with Bmy1.a or Bmy1.c, indicating that the Bmy1.b allele might provide more chances for developing barley cultivars with higher β-amylase activity under water stress than both the Bmy1.a and Bmy1.c alleles. Furthermore, the Tibetan wild barley XZ147, belonging to the Bmy1.b allele type, showed significantly higher β-amylase activity than Triumph under drought stress. This might be the result of the unique amino acid substitution M527 or the amino acid composition of R115, D165, A233, S347, and M527 of XZ147.

1. Introduction

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely used for malting to produce beer and whisky. In the brewing industry, one of the most important malt quality parameters is diastatic power (DP), which refers to the starch-degrading ability of barley. DP represents a general ability of four major enzymes, i.e., α-amylase, β-amylase, limit dextrinase, and α-glucosidase. β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2; 1, 4-β-glucan maltohydrolase), which catalyzes β-maltose released from the non-reducing end of poly-glucan chain, is the predominant enzyme affecting DP [1,2,3].
Genes controlling β-amylase synthesis differ among plant tissues; however, their functional domain is similar because all of them belong to the same gene family. In malting barley, β-amylase activity is an important quality trait, being closely associated with malt quality [2]. There are two forms of β-amylase in barley. The endosperm-specific form is the dominant one, which is encoded by the Bmy1 gene, located on the long arm telomere of the 4H chromosome [4,5]. It consists of 7 extrons and 6 introns, and encodes a polypeptide chain of 535 amino acids [6,7]. The Bmy1 gene is closely correlated with DP [8]. The polymorphisms in the intron III of Bmy1 are extremely abundant. There are four different types according to the presence and absence of four insertion/deletions (INDELs) (126-, 38-, 11-, and 21-bp), namely Bmy1.a, Bmy1.b, Bmy1.c, and Bmy1.d. Erkkilä et al. [9,10] identified two different indels (126-bp and 38-bp) through Southern blot analysis using the first 320 bp located in the 5′ region of Bmy1 intron III. Currently, all these four types derived from Bmy1 intron III INDELs have been identified, including the insertion of 126-bp and 38-bp in the cultivated barley Adorra, and the deletion of 126-bp and 38-bp INDELs in the wild barley PI 296,897 [9]. Sjakste and Zhuk [11] also observed abundant polymorphisms of Bmy1 intron III and found a potential binding site for a transcript factor. Numerous studies have confirmed that the polymorphisms of Bmy1 intron III are correlated with the enzyme activity, thermal stability, and enzymatic kinetics of β-amylase [9,12,13,14,15]. Erkkilä and Ahokas [13] and Gunkel et al. [16] reported that the presence or deletion of a 126-bp INDEL in the 5′ end of Bmy1 intron III was associated with low activity and high thermal stability of β-amylase, respectively. Coventry et al. [17] determined the activity and thermal stability of β-amylase and the DP value and identified a primer pair, which could discriminate between the presence or absence of the 126-bp INDEL. Meanwhile, the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region of Bmy1 also affected the morphology, activity, and thermal stability of β-amylase [18]. All these studies indicate that it is practicable to identify the enzyme activity and thermal stability of β-amylase only by detecting the polymorphisms of either the coding or noncoding regions of Bmy1 under normal environmental conditions. However, little attention has been given to this issue under environmental stresses such as drought.
Tibetan wild barley is considered as one of ancestors of modern cultivated barley and is rich in genetic diversity [19]. However, most studies about wild barley have mainly focused on salinity tolerance [20], aluminum tolerance [21], and grain protein content [22], with no research investigating the genetic variations in the malt quality under drought stress. In this study, we used 73 cultivated and 52 Tibetan wild barley genotypes to investigate the correlation between Bmy1 intron III polymorphisms and grain β-amylase activity under drought stress and compare the differences between wild and cultivated barley.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Cultivation and Drought Treatment

In the present study, 73 cultivated barley genotypes and 52 Tibetan wild barley accessions were used (Supplementary Materials Table S1). All genotypes or accessions were sown in mid-November 2018 and grew in two rain shelters (60 m × 20 m) in Changxing experimental station of Zhejiang University (Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China) for the control and drought stress treatments, respectively. The experiment was arranged in a random block design, with three replicates for each treatment. In each replicate, every barley genotype was sown in 3 rows with a row length of 2 m and row space of 0.33 m, and only the grains from the middle row line were harvested for the further investigations.
After germination, all barley plants in the two rain shelters were well-irrigated with a sprinkling irrigation system to keep the soil water content around 35% (equaling to a water potential of −0.15 MPa, monitored by an HH2 Moisture Meter, Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, UK). For drought treatment, when approximately 85% of the barley genotypes reached the heading stage, drought stress was started and water supply was stopped until the soil water content dropped to 14% (equaling a water potential of −0.75 MPa), and thereafter, this water level was maintained until the maturity stage. The control treatment maintained a normal water supply to keep the soil water content around 35%. During drought treatment, the soil water contents in the two rain shelters were monitored every 3 days by randomly measuring the soil water content at 30 positions over the whole shelter.
To analyze the polymorphisms of the Bmy1 gene, seeds of each barley genotype were surface sterilized with 12.5% NaClO solution, thoroughly rinsed with tap water (for at least 30 min), and then grown using paper roll with 1/5-strength Hoagland solution in the well-controlled growth chamber, with a day length of 14 h, light/dark temperatures of 23/16 °C, and relative humidity of 65% at Zhejiang University, China. The first fully expanded leaf was collected to extract DNA for further investigations.

2.2. Measurement of β-Amylase Activity

Grains of each barley genotype were harvested at maturity, dried at 40 °C, milled to pass through a 0.5-mm sieve, and then stored at −20 °C for further use.
β-amylase activity was measured using a Betamyl assay kit (Megazyme International Ireland Ltd., Bray, Ireland) according to McCleary and Codd [23].

2.3. DNA Extraction

DNA extraction was conducted according to the CTAB (hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) protocol with the following procedures: approximately 0.5 g leaf tissues was finely ground in liquid nitrogen and transferred to a 2-mL centrifuge tube containing 1 mL CTAB buffer (2% w/v CTAB, 1.42 M NaCl, 20 mM EDTA, 100 mM Tris-HCl, and 0.2% β-mercaptoethanol, preheated to 60 °C). After incubation in the water bath (65 °C) for 30 min, the leaf extract was thoroughly mixed with 750 μL chloroform:isoamylol (24:1) solution by vortex shaking and then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was transferred to a new tube and treated with chloroform:isoamylol solution to purify the DNA extraction. The supernatant was then well mixed with 0.7 v/v isopropanol, placed at room temperature for 10 min, and centrifuged again at 12,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was washed with 1000 µl 70% ethanol and then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min at room temperature. The clean pellet was later dried in the air, suspended with 15–20 µL of 0.1 M TE, and then stored at −20 °C for the following detection.

2.4. Polymorphism Analysis of the Bmy1 Gene, Cloning, and Sequencing of Bmy1 Intron III

According to Hayden et al. [24], 12 simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker primers (Table 1) were used to screen Bmy1 diversity. PCR products were analyzed by scoring the presence of a band as 1 and the absence as 0. All data was imported into SPSS using hierarchical cluster analysis with the default settings to conduct cluster analysis (Figure 1).
Intron III was cloned by PCR using the primers of forward 5′-GTTATCGTCGACATTGAAGTAGGACT-3′ and reverse 5′-GCTTTGAAGTCTGCTTGTAGGTATTT-3′ [10]. PCR was conducted in 50-ul reactions in a T100 Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Shanghai, China) using Ex TaqTM DNA polymerase (Takara Bio, Tokyo, Japan) with dNTPs, Ex TaqTM, and buffer (with Mg2+) concentrations according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Primers were used at a final concentration of 0.5 μM. In total, 5 uL template was added to each reaction (~100 ng/reaction). Amplification was conducted using the following cycling conditions: 95 °C for 5 min, 95 °C for 45 s, 50 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 1 min (35 cycles), 72 °C for 10 min, and 12 °C forever. PCR products were sequenced using the Sanger method. All the fragments were aligned in DNAStar using Clustal W software with the sequence of Huruna Nijo (D49999) as the reference. All the genotypes or accessions in this study could be divided into three allele types: Bmy1.a, Bmy1.b, and Bmy1.c (Table 2) [10].
In a previous study, we found that the Tibetan wild barley XZ147 was a drought-tolerant genotype with the largest increase in β-amylase activity and smallest grain weight loss under water stress compared with other genotypes, including Triumph, a drought-sensitive malting barley [25]. In the present study, therefore, we sequenced the full Bmy1 gene of XZ147 and Triumph to analyze the molecular differences between the wild and cultivated barley [26], and identify the mRNA differences in SNP and amino acid substitution based on the cDNA of Huruna Nijo using Clustal W (Table 3).

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics 20 (IBM, New York, NY, USA). Hierarchical cluster analysis of 125 genotypes based on SSR markers was conducted with the method of average-linkage-between-groups. Two-way variance analysis (ANOVA) was carried out to evaluate the significance among barley genotypes (G), drought treatments (E), and the interaction between genotype and drought treatment (G × E).

3. Results

3.1. Polymorphisms of Bmy1 DNA

SSR markers based on the Bmy1 intron III DNA sequence divided the cultivated barley into numerous small groups (Figure 1), and the wild accessions were scattered over these groups. Unfortunately, there was no outstanding cluster found in the present study. Thus, based on our previous findings, XZ147 and Triumph were selected from the 125 barley genotypes for further analysis [25].

3.2. Bmy1 Gene Intron III Alleles

Four INDELs of Bmy1 intron III alleles, 126-bp, 38-bp, 11-bp, and 21-bp, were identified in this study (Table 2). According to the different combinations of the INDELs, the 125 barley accessions used in this study were classified into three allele types: Bmy1.a, Bmy1.b, and Bmy1.c, with no Bmy1.d allele being detected. Among these three allele types, the Bmy1.c group occupied the largest proportion of the barley accessions (consisting of 36 cultivated and 19 wild barley accessions), followed by Bmy1.b (consisting of 10 cultivated and 26 wild barley accessions) and Bmy1.a (consisting of 27 cultivated and 7 wild barley accessions). Half of the wild accessions were grouped into group Bmy1.b, but most of the cultivated barley were classified into group Bmy1.a and c.

3.3. Polymorphisms of Bmy1 cDNA and Amino Acid Composition

In this study, six SNPs and the corresponding amino acid substitutions were identified based on the alignment of cDNA between wild barley XZ147 and cultivated barley Triumph (Table 3). Wild barley XZ147 showed a great difference from the Triumph and Huruna Nijo mRNA and amino acid composition, especially in D165E (495C → D) and V430A (1289T → C).

3.4. The Effect of Drought on β-Amylase Activity

Under drought stress, the changing trend in the β-amylase activities differed greatly between subspecies (cultivated vs. wild), allele types, and among genotypes (Figure 2, Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6). Impressively, the β-amylase activities in all wild barley accessions were dramatically increased by 6.4–81.2% during drought stress, whereas around 20% of the cultivated genotypes showed a significant decrease (Figure 2). Furthermore, the impact of drought stress on β-amylase activity also showed differences among the three allele types. For the Bmy1.b group, none of the cultivated barley genotypes showed a decrease in β-amylase activity under drought stress compared with the control (Figure 2B, Table 5) while the β-amylase activities decreased in 30% and 20% of the cultivated genotypes of the Bmy1.a and Bmy1.c group, respectively (Figure 2A,C, Table 4 and Table 6). XZ147 and Triumph, which belong to the Bmy1.b group, showed increases in β-amylase activity of 76.8% and 20.3% under drought stress in comparison with the control, respectively (Figure 3).

4. Discussion

Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has already been widely used in breeding, phyletic evolution, comparative genetics, and gene mapping [27,28,29]. Sufficient evidence has demonstrated the usefulness of MAS in accelerating breeding efficiency [30,31]. In this study, an SSR assay of Bmy1 DNA sequences showed abundant polymorphisms of the gene (Figure 1). The genetic cluster and the distribution of β-amylase activity (Table 2, 4–6) showed that the Tibetan wild barley is randomly scattered over various Bmy1 groups of cultivated barley rather than a specific cluster group. Moreover, more abundant polymorphisms of the wild barley (H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum) could be observed in comparison with the cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).
According to the presence and absence of the 126-, 38-, 11-, and 21-bp INDELs, the 125 barley accessions could be divided into 3 allele types: Bmy1.a, Bmy1.b, and Bmy1.c (Table 2). The allele type with the presence of the 126-bp, 38-bp, and 21-bp INDELs, and the absence of the 11-bp INDEL was defined as Bmy1.a; the type with the presence of the 38-bp and the absence of the 126-bp, 11-bp, and 21-bp INDELs was defined as Bmy1.b; and the type with the absence of the 126-bp and the presence of the 38-bp, 11-bp, and 21-bp INDELs was defined as Bmy1.c [10 ]. Bmy1.d, which was once identified in wild barley PI 2,976,897 [9], shows the presence of the 11- and 21-bp, and the absence of the 126- and 38-bp INDELs. In this study, no Bmy1.d was detected. The impact of drought on β-amylase activity in grains varied greatly among genotypes. All genotypes belonging to Bmy1.b and the wild barley accessions belonging to Bmy1.a and Bmy1.c showed an increase in β-amylase activity while some of the cultivated barley genotypes belonging to Bmy1.a and Bmy1.c showed a decrease in β-amylase activity. Bmy1 intron III has been reported to be a useful marker in barley breeding for the selection of high malt quality [12] and the 126-bp INDEL is closely correlated with β-amylase activity and thermo-stability [9,12,16,17,32]. The 126-bp fragment in the Bmy1.a allele type may be a site of a negatively regulated transcription factor, and could be linked with the low β-amylase activity [13]. The current result also confirmed that the Bmy1 intron III allele type could be a good indicator of β-amylase activity under drought stress. In this study, all genotypes of the Bmy1.b allele type showed an increase in grain β-amylase activity while those of the Bmy1.a and Bmy1.c allele types showed less changes, indicating that the genotypes belonging to the Bmy1.b allele type could be more useful in developing barley cultivars with drought tolerance and high malt quality.
It has been documented that some amino acid substitutions derived from specific SNPs of mRNA in the Bmy1 gene were highly correlated with the β-amylase activity in barley grains [14,33,34,35]. Zhang et al. [35] and Ma et al. [14] reported that 115R→C amino acid substitution was the main reason for the high β-amylase activity of W127 and Ashqeleon. Chiapparino et al. [33] found that the genotypes containing the amino acid composition of C115, E165, and V233 had higher β-amylase activity than the ones with the composition of R115, D165, and A233. Based on the alignment of the Bmy1 gene DNA, Filichkin et al. [34] identified two genotypes only differing in V233A, with the A233 genotype having higher β-amylase activity than the V233 genotype. R115 or C115 alone had no effect on β-amylase activity, but their co-existence increased the β-amylase activity and thermo-stability significantly [14,36]. In this study, β-amylase activity was higher in cultivated barley Triumph than wild barley XZ147 under normal conditions, which may be attributed to the amino acid composition of C115, D165, and V233. Surprisingly, β-amylase activity was higher in XZ147, which showed less loss in grain yield and grain weight than Triumph under drought stress [25], which might have resulted from its unique M527 or the composition of R115, D165, A233, S347, and M527. In addition, a drought-induced abundance increase of β-amylase might also cause such an increase in its activity. Therefore, more investigations need to be carried out to analyze the association of the amino acid M527 or the composition of the R115, A233, S347, and M527 allele and the increase in β-amylase activity under drought stress, and the A233 potentiality in breeding barley cultivars with both drought tolerance and high β-amylase activity in grains.

5. Conclusions

Novel genetic variation is essential for successful breeding. In this study, based on the comparison of the genetic variations of the Bmy1 gene from cultivated and wild barley, we evaluated the potential value of wild barley in breading cultivars with drought tolerance and high β-amylase activity. In this study, the β-amylase activity of the Bmy1.b allele-type accessions increased under drought treatment, indicating its higher implication value in malt barley breeding than the other two allele types. Meanwhile, wild barley belonging to the Bmy1.b allele type displayed higher β-amylase activity and minimum yield loses under drought stress [25]. This might result from its unique amino acid substitution M527 or the amino acid composition of R115, D165, A233, S347, and M527. We conclude that the gene pool of Tibetan wild barley germplasms provides a unique resource for improving the drought tolerance and grain β-amylase activity of malt barley.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/article/10.3390/agronomy12081737/s1, Table S1: The accession number, Chinese name and geographic origin of barley used in this study.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, X.W.; validation, X.W., H.W., W.Y. and K.C.; formal analysis, X.W., W.Y. and K.C.; investigation, X.W., H.W., W.Y. and K.C.; data curation, X.W., J.W. and F.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, X.W.; writing—review and editing, X.W., J.W. and F.Z.; supervision, J.W.; project administration, J.W.; funding acquisition, X.W and J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation [LY19C130004], National Natural Science Foundation of China [31671678], Zhejiang Science and Technology Major Program on Agricultural New Variety Breeding [2021C02064-3] and China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA [CARS-05-01A-06].

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict to interest.

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Agronomy 12 01737 g001 550
Figure 1. Genetic cluster of 125 barley accessions by SSR markers.
Figure 1. Genetic cluster of 125 barley accessions by SSR markers.
Agronomy 12 01737 g001
Agronomy 12 01737 g002 550
Figure 2. The effect of drought stress on the grain β-amylase activity of 125 barley genotypes compared with control plants. The genotypes were arranged from low to high relative β-amylase activity along the X axis. (A) Bmy1.a alleles; (B) Bmy1.b alleles; (C) Bmy1.c alleles.
Figure 2. The effect of drought stress on the grain β-amylase activity of 125 barley genotypes compared with control plants. The genotypes were arranged from low to high relative β-amylase activity along the X axis. (A) Bmy1.a alleles; (B) Bmy1.b alleles; (C) Bmy1.c alleles.
Agronomy 12 01737 g002
Agronomy 12 01737 g003 550
Figure 3. The effect of drought stress on β-amylase activity in barley grains. Data show mean + SD. *, significant at 95% probability.
Figure 3. The effect of drought stress on β-amylase activity in barley grains. Data show mean + SD. *, significant at 95% probability.
Agronomy 12 01737 g003
Table
Table 1. Primer sequences of the SSR assays.
Table 1. Primer sequences of the SSR assays.
HvSSRPrimer (5′ → 3′)
Primer (5′ → 3′)		PCR SizeAllele Size
hv1006CAGACAFTTCACCCATAAGCT
TGCTGCTGCTTTGAAGTCTGC		458437–458
hv1010CCTCAAAATTTGCAGGTAGCAT
TGGTGTGTAAACCATTGCCTTC		304209–304
hv1013GATGAGCGCACCAGAAGAACT
CCCTCTCTCCATCCAGCACTC		266222–266
hv1014TTGTTGATTTGCAGGTGCCTA
TCGATATTTCTGGCCCTGATC		147144–147
hv1015CAATTGCTGAAAGGCATGAAA
GCCACCCGAGCAATGAGATAC		369352–369
hv1016ACCTTGACTACACTTCCATTGTTG
CGAACCTGTTGTTCACGCTCA		9995–99
hv1018TGTGGCTGTGACAGATGTATGC
CATTTGGGTGTTTGTTTCCTGA		470344–470
hv1019GAAGATCTGCCGTCCAGGTTA
RGCTAGGTTTTGTTYCTTTGCT		185170–185
hv1020GGGTGGCATCCAAATTTTCC
TTGGCTCMMGGGAGAATATGCT		272244–278
hv1021GGGTGGCATCCAAATTTTCC
CACATCYAAATGCTACCTGCAA		303277–303
hv1022TATGATTCATTGACCCCRCACG
CCTTGCATCAAGGTTTGTGCTA		272244–278
hv1023CAGACAGTTCACCCATAAGCT
CCTTGCATCAAGGTTTGTGCTA		130109–130
Table
Table 2. Bmy1 intron III polymorphisms for 125 barley genotypes. Haruna Nijo was used as the reference.
Table 2. Bmy1 intron III polymorphisms for 125 barley genotypes. Haruna Nijo was used as the reference.
Intron III Allele126 bp38 bp11 bp21 bpCultivated BarleyNO.Wild BarleyNO.
Bmy1.a++-+Q33, Q1, Q146, Q24, Q19, Q145, Q13, Q77, D24, D90, Q8, Q9, D31, Q222, D15, D27, D44, Q64, D72, D57, D65, D33, Q66, D68, D25, Q65, D2827XZ171, XZ178, XZ172, XZ26, XZ50, XZ126, XZ1037
Bmy1.b-+--Q26, Q151, D69, Q16, D67, D84, D64, D71, Triumph, TL4310XZ142, XZ80, XZ150, XZ144, XZ16, XZ34, XZ145, XZ166, XZ35, XZ117, XZ37, XZ40, XZ127, XZ51, XZ78, XZ11, XZ125, XZ118, XZ99, XZ124, XZ108, XZ102, XZ131, XZ130, XZ94, XZ14726
Bmy1.c-+++Q223, D41, Q73, Q18, Q138, Q11, Q17, Q23, Q224, Q143, D56, Q149, Q79, D40, D55, Q36, Q107, Q119, D76, D83, D73, Q80, D59, Q81, D6, D13, D39, D36, D78, D8, D87, D9, D22, D94, Q113, D10, Haruna Nijo36XZ140, XZ137, XZ134, XZ136, XZ73, XZ17, XZ36, XZ122, XZ114, XZ64, XZ176, XZ152, XZ165, XZ19, XZ161, XZ1, XZ25, XZ3, XZ519
Table
Table 3. mRNA and amino acid sequence alignment of the Bmy1 gene from a cultivated barley Triumph and a wild barley XZ147. Huruna Nijo was used as the reference.
Table 3. mRNA and amino acid sequence alignment of the Bmy1 gene from a cultivated barley Triumph and a wild barley XZ147. Huruna Nijo was used as the reference.
Allele TypeGenotypes343495698104012891581
R115CD165EV233AL347SV430AM527I
Bmy1.bHuruna NijoC(R)G(E)T(V)C(S)C(A)T(M)
XZ147C(R)C(D)C(A)C(S)T(V)T(M)
TriumphT(C)C(D)T(V)T(L)T(V)A(I)
Table
Table 4. The distribution of the grain β-amylase activity of Bmy1.a alleles.
Table 4. The distribution of the grain β-amylase activity of Bmy1.a alleles.
β-Amylase Activity
Cultivated BarleyWild Barley
ControlDroughtControlDrought
Average926.83983.04974.411410.73
Maximum1513.571991.691472.342467.18
Minimum465.81394.42705.63975.86
Max/Min3.255.052.092.53
CV %31.09%40.26%34.97%37.07%
G************
E******
G × E***
CV: Coefficient of variation; G: Significance of the difference between genotypes; E: Significance of the difference between treatments (control vs. drought); G × E: Interaction between genotype and environment. *** Significant at the 99.9% probability level.
Table
Table 5. The distribution of the grain β-amylase activity of Bmy1.b alleles.
Table 5. The distribution of the grain β-amylase activity of Bmy1.b alleles.
β-Amylase Activity
Cultivated BarleyWild Barley
ControlDroughtControlDrought
Average1173.231548.07356.171236.42
Maximum2322.763091.99699.972467.18
Minimum534.94709.65131.47590.87
Max/Min4.344.365.324.18
CV %49.7%42.41%25.29%27.86%
G************
E******
G × E***
CV: Coefficient of variation; G: Significance of the difference between genotypes; E: Significance of the difference between treatments (control vs. drought); G × E: Interaction between genotype and environment. *** Significant at the 99.9% probability level.
Table
Table 6. The distribution of the grain β-amylase activity of Bmy1.c alleles.
Table 6. The distribution of the grain β-amylase activity of Bmy1.c alleles.
β-Amylase Activity
Cultivated BarleyWild Barley
ControlDroughtControlDrought
Average892.12908.57356.171236.42
Maximum1904.211472.34699.972467.18
Minimum111.86404.47131.47590.87
Max/Min17.023.645.324.18
CV %32.27%29.73%42.46%50.18%
G************
E******
G × E***
CV: Coefficient of variation; G: Significance of the difference between genotypes; E: Significance of the difference between treatments (control vs. drought); G × E: Interaction between genotype and environment. *** Significant at the 99.9% probability level.
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Wu, X.; Yue, W.; Cai, K.; Wang, H.; Zeng, F.; Wang, J. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Bmy1 Intron III Alleles Conferring the Genotypic Variations in β-Amylase Activity under Drought Stress between Tibetan Wild and Cultivated Barley. Agronomy 2022, 12, 1737. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy12081737

AMA Style

Wu X, Yue W, Cai K, Wang H, Zeng F, Wang J. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Bmy1 Intron III Alleles Conferring the Genotypic Variations in β-Amylase Activity under Drought Stress between Tibetan Wild and Cultivated Barley. Agronomy. 2022; 12(8):1737. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy12081737

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Xiaojian, Wenhao Yue, Kangfeng Cai, Huan Wang, Fanrong Zeng, and Junmei Wang. 2022. "Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Bmy1 Intron III Alleles Conferring the Genotypic Variations in β-Amylase Activity under Drought Stress between Tibetan Wild and Cultivated Barley" Agronomy 12, no. 8: 1737. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy12081737

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