Effect of Harvest Management on Biomass Yield, Forage Quality, and Nutrient Removal by Bioenergy Grasses in Mid-Central Virginia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Site, Propagating Material, Experimental Layout, and Establishment
2.2. Crop Field Management, Biomass Sampling, and Data Collection
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Soil Characteristics and Summer Precipitation at the Site
4.2. Perennial Species Feedstock Production under Two-Cut Harvest Systems
4.3. Annual DM Yield in a One-Cut Year−1 System
4.4. Dry Matter Forage Characteristics and Elemental Compositions
Production Year | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harvest System | Harvest | Species | 2022 | 2023 | ||||
P | Mg | Ca | P | Mg | Ca | |||
mg kg−1 | ||||||||
Two-cut year−1 | First cut | Blackwell | 2.30 | 2.00 | 2.43 | 1.50 | 1.37 | 2.13 |
BoMaster | 2.20 | 1.70 | 2.23 | 1.90 | 1.70 | 2.53 | ||
Cave-in-Rock | 1.97 | 1.63 | 2.27 | 1.50 | 1.07 | 1.80 | ||
Miscanthus | 1.70 | 1.20 | 2.00 | 1.57 | 0.87 | 1.57 | ||
Regrowth | Blackwell | 1.60 | 1.30 | 2.60 | 2.40 | 1.63 | 2.93 | |
BoMaster | 2.07 | 1.47 | 3.07 | 1.70 | 1.60 | 2.13 | ||
Cave-in-Rock | 2.37 | 1.07 | 1.97 | 2.67 | 1.80 | 2.83 | ||
Miscanthus | 1.60 | 1.37 | 2.90 | 2.13 | 1.37 | 3.63 | ||
LSD (0.05) + | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.06 | ||
One-cut year−1 | Blackwell | 1.03 | 1.53 | 4.70 | 1.43 | 1.50 | 3.20 | |
BoMaster | 1.30 | 1.45 | 2.10 | 1.03 | 1.23 | 2.10 | ||
Cave-in-Rock | 1.80 | 1.50 | 3.47 | 2.03 | 1.43 | 2.87 | ||
Miscanthus | 1.47 | 0.67 | 1.83 | 1.40 | 1.07 | 2.53 | ||
Sorghum | 2.60 | 2.83 | 3.53 | 2.13 | 2.50 | 3.07 | ||
LSD (0.05) ++ | 0.77 | 0.91 | 1.94 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 0.73 |
4.5. Nutrient Removal by Perennials under Different Harvest Management Systems
Harvest System | Harvest | Species | Production Year | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2022 | 2023 | |||||||
S | Mg | Ca | P | Mg | Ca | |||
Two-cut year−1 | First cut | Blackwell | 7.9 | 17.9 | 21.3 | 6.2 | 13.3 | 20.7 |
BoMaster | 10.9 | 24.7 | 32.9 | 7.1 | 16.5 | 24.7 | ||
Cave-in-Rock | 8.1 | 17.8 | 24.6 | 6.5 | 11.5 | 19.5 | ||
Miscanthus | 8.1 | 15.2 | 25.1 | 9.8 | 16.4 | 28.5 | ||
Regrowth | Blackwell | 6.4 | 10.3 | 20.7 | 3.9 | 8.3 | 14.8 | |
BoMaster | 6.8 | 14.5 | 30.6 | 4.5 | 9.6 | 12.9 | ||
Cave-in-Rock | 7.2 | 10.9 | 19.9 | 3.2 | 9.1 | 14.3 | ||
Miscanthus | 8.8 | 19.7 | 41.4 | 3.4 | 9.2 | 24.3 | ||
LSD (0.05) + | 2.3 | 3.6 | 5.3 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 3.7 | ||
One-cut year−1 | Blackwell | 6.5 | 16.6 | 50.5 | 8.9 | 26.6 | 58.4 | |
BoMaster | 7.4 | 21.7 | 34.4 | 10.5 | 25.7 | 43.9 | ||
Cave-in-Rock | 6.3 | 18.7 | 42.8 | 9.1 | 30.2 | 60.5 | ||
Miscanthus | 6.0 | 12.8 | 34.9 | 7.5 | 21.9 | 52.0 | ||
Sorghum | 21.0 | 65.4 | 82.1 | 15.1 | 66.3 | 81.7 | ||
LSD (0.05) ++ | 6.9 | 21.0 | 29.7 | 4.2 | 21.6 | 19.4 |
4.6. Nutrient Removal by Feedstock Species under the One-Cut Management System
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Plant Weight (g) | Proportion of Leaves per Stem−1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One | First Cut | Regrowth | One | First Cut | Regrowth | |
2022 | ||||||
Blackwell | 5.7 c | 3.7 bA | 2.6 cA | 0.18 ab | 0.34 aA | 0.26 bB |
BoMaster | 10.0 c | 6.4 bA | 4.3 bB | 0.16 bc | 0.34 aA | 0.26 bB |
Cave-in-Rock | 5.7 c | 4.9 bA | 3.2 bB | 0.19 a | 0.32 bA | 0.25 bB |
Miscanthus | 54.1 b | 19.7 aA | 15.5 aB | 0.14 c | 0.24 cB | 0.35 aA |
Sorghum | 180.9 a | - | - | - | - | - |
2023 | ||||||
Blackwell | 6.5 c | 4.5 bA | 2.3 bB | 0.16 cd | 0.35 aA | 0.25 bB |
BoMaster | 14.4 c | 6.1 bA | 3.6 bB | 0.18 bc | 0.32 bcA | 0.25 bB |
Cave-in-Rock | 7.6 c | 5.4 bA | 2.6 bB | 0.20 a | 0.34 abA | 0.25 bB |
Miscanthus | 42.8 b | 28.3 aA | 8.9 aB | 0.14 d | 0.26 cb | 0.38 aA |
Sorghum | 92.9 a | - | - | - | - | - |
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Kering, M.K.; Rahemi, A.; Temu, V.W. Effect of Harvest Management on Biomass Yield, Forage Quality, and Nutrient Removal by Bioenergy Grasses in Mid-Central Virginia. Agronomy 2024, 14, 825. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy14040825
Kering MK, Rahemi A, Temu VW. Effect of Harvest Management on Biomass Yield, Forage Quality, and Nutrient Removal by Bioenergy Grasses in Mid-Central Virginia. Agronomy. 2024; 14(4):825. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy14040825
Chicago/Turabian StyleKering, Maru K., Alireza Rahemi, and Vitalis W. Temu. 2024. "Effect of Harvest Management on Biomass Yield, Forage Quality, and Nutrient Removal by Bioenergy Grasses in Mid-Central Virginia" Agronomy 14, no. 4: 825. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy14040825