Urban CO2 Budget: Spatial and Seasonal Variability of CO2 Emissions in Krakow, Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. CO2 Flux Measurements
2.3. Urban CO2 Budget Estimation
2.4. Statistical Analyses and Uncertainty Estimations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Soil Emissions of CO2
3.2. Riverine Emissions of CO2
3.3. Net CO2 Flux from an Urban Area
3.4. Urban CO2 Budget on a Local Scale
3.5. CO2 Budget for Krakow Agglomeration
= 0.37 + 1.10 + 4.97 + 1.378 + 0.011 + 0.23 − 0.79 = 7.27 Mt CO2 yr−1.
3.6. Uncertainty Estimation for Components of the CO2 Budget
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Urban Local Climate Zone 1 | Soil Type 2 | Vegetation Maintenance | pH 3 | Volumetric Porosity 4 | Carbon Content 4 [wt.%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | LCZ 2 | Urbisols | Regularly cut during vegetation period | 7.6 | 0.50 | 3.4 |
S2 | LCZ D | Cambic Fluvisols | Cut upon reaching 20–30 cm in height | 7.0 | 0.51 | 3.7 |
S3 | LCZ B | Technosols | Regularly cut during vegetation period | 7.7 | 0.50 | 2.3 |
S4 | LCZ 6 | Hortisols | Regularly cut during vegetation period | 7.9 | 0.37 | 0.5 |
Site | Channel Width [m] | Temperature [°C] | pH | Conductivity [mS cm−1] | Alkalinity [meq/L] | pCO2 1 [ppm] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 90 | 1.9–29.1 | 7.5–7.9 | 1.34–5.69 | 1.54–3.46 | 1267–5052 |
R2 | 110 | 1.9–26.4 | 7.5–7.9 | 1.28–4.39 | 1.64–3.85 | 1132–5446 |
R3 | 70 | 3.3–26.0 | 7.5–7.9 | 1.38–4.20 | 1.76–3.81 | 1271–5072 |
Emission Category 1 | CO2 Emission [MtCO2 yr−1] |
---|---|
Energy and industry (1A1a, 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C1a, 2C1c, 2C1e, 2C1f, 2C2, 2G, 3) | 4.967 |
Transportation (1A3a, 1A3b, 1A3c, 1A3d, 1A3e) | 0.369 |
Commercial/residential buildings and waste (1A4, 1A5, 6C) | 1.102 |
Land Use Category | Land Area 1 [km2] | Fraction of Total City Area 1 | Representative Site | CO2 Emission [MtCO2 yr−1] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urbanized | 140.40 | 43% | - | - |
Agricultural | 149.96 | 46% | S2 | 1.264 |
Forests and parks | 23.64 | 7% | S1, S3 | 0.114 |
Surface water | 5.44 | 2% | R1, R2, R3 | 0.011 |
Other | 10.01 | 2% | - | - |
Total | 326.85 | 100% | - | 1.389 |
Location | CO2 Emission [kg CO2 m−2 yr−1] |
---|---|
London [8] | 35.5 |
Florence [46] | 30.3 |
Kraków (this study) | 22.3 |
Basel [42] | 17.6–19.4 |
Helsinki city center [45] | 17.4 |
Copenhagen [47] | 12.8 |
Łódź [41] | 10.8 |
Helsinki university campus [48] | 6.5 |
Essen [49] | 6.0 |
Gliwice [50] | 2.8 |
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Jasek-Kamińska, A.; Zimnoch, M.; Wachniew, P.; Różański, K. Urban CO2 Budget: Spatial and Seasonal Variability of CO2 Emissions in Krakow, Poland. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 629. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11060629
Jasek-Kamińska A, Zimnoch M, Wachniew P, Różański K. Urban CO2 Budget: Spatial and Seasonal Variability of CO2 Emissions in Krakow, Poland. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(6):629. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11060629
Chicago/Turabian StyleJasek-Kamińska, Alina, Mirosław Zimnoch, Przemysław Wachniew, and Kazimierz Różański. 2020. "Urban CO2 Budget: Spatial and Seasonal Variability of CO2 Emissions in Krakow, Poland" Atmosphere 11, no. 6: 629. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11060629