Effects of Mosaic Natural Conditions on the Tourism Management of a Lowland Water Reservoir, Lake Tisza, Hungary
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Historical Backround of Land Use Changes in the Middle Tisza Region
1.2. Natural and Land Use Diversity
1.3. Visual Diversity and Landscape Aesthetics
2. Study Area
2.1. Geographical Properties
- -
- Providing a constant water level for a power plant nearby and for the hydroelectric power plant at the southern edge of the lake,
- -
- Irrigation of the surrounding agricultural areas,
- -
- Providing flood protection and shipping,
- -
- Recreation, easing the increasing crowdedness of Lake Balaton, the most popular even at that time, by creating a new lake.
2.2. Ecological Endowments
2.3. Types of Recreation
3. Methods
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Mosaics
4.2. Horizontal Division
- In the northern third of the lake (Tiszavalk Basin, category I. in Figure 8), nature protection is the primary priority. Closed and strictly closed habitats have priority over any other forms of use.
- In certain areas of the middle section of the lake (Poroszló Basin, category II. in Figure 8), we see ecotourism, gentle water sports and fishing.
- In the middle part of the lake (Sarud Basin, category III. in Figure 8), recreation, tourism and fishing are priority for regulation; however, nature protection also needs to be considered.
- In the southern part of the lake (Abádszalók Basin, category IV. in Figure 8), tourism and recreation are the primary priority. The lake is used to meet the needs of “loud tourism”, water sports and entertainment, together with sport fishing. Motorised water sports equipment and sailing are equally permitted.
4.3. Vertical Division
- The level of the water is dedicated to bathers and those using watercraft (anglers, rowers, power boaters, jet-skiers, sailors, etc.). They may approach wetland habitats in permitted areas and along permitted routes but crossing vegetated areas is forbidden.
- Plank roads can be created over wetland and marshy habitats, and also over temporarily waterlogged areas. The role of plank roads is to protect habitats, keep visitors on the route, provide views and convenient accessibility and also provide the educational function of nature trails (Figure 9).
- The embankment surrounding the lake provides a good view of the lake and of the point-like green landscape patches in the lake. The road along the embankment crown is a preferred destination for cyclists and it forms part of the cyclist route EuroVelo11 (Figure 10).
- The free water surface, providing a feeling of spaciousness, can be viewed best from the artificial lookout towers and birdwatching towers. The 15–19 m high towers are found in the floodplain, on some islands and on the lake as well. Therefore, some of them can be accessed by bicycle, on foot or only across the water (Figure 9).
4.4. Micromosaics
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Peel, D.; Lloyd, M.G. Neo-Traditional Planning. Towards a New Ethos for Land Use Planning? Land Use Policy 2007, 24, 396–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holl, K.D.; Aide, T.M. When and Where to Actively Restore Ecosystems? For. Ecol. Manag. 2011, 261, 1558–1563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiss, T.; Fiala, K.; Sipos, G. Alterations of Channel Parameters in Response to River Regulation Works since 1840 on the Lower Tisza River (Hungary). Geomorphology 2008, 98, 96–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berque, A. Thinking through Landscape; Routledge: London, UK, 2020; ISBN 978-1-00-307132-7. [Google Scholar]
- Pinke, Z. Modernization and Decline: An Eco-Historical Perspective on Regulation of the Tisza Valley, Hungary. J. Hist. Geogr. 2014, 45, 92–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zube, E.H.; Anderson, T.; Pitt, D. Measuring the Landscape: Perceptual Responses and Physical Dimensions. Landsc. Res. 1974, 1, 4–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forman, R.T. Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes & Regions//Review; Wilfrid Laurier University, Geography and Environmental Studies: Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1996; Volume 24, pp. 65–70. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, J.; Hobbs, R.J. Key Topics in Landscape Ecology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007; ISBN 978-1-139-46214-3. [Google Scholar]
- Krzywinski, K.; Dannebeck, S. (Eds.) Europäische Kulturlandschaften; Aschenbeck Media: Bremen, Germany, 2009; ISBN 978-3-941624-31-3. [Google Scholar]
- Fadel, D. Valuation Methods of Landscape. Int. J. Res. Methodol. Soc. Sci. 2016, 2, 36–44. [Google Scholar]
- Bell, S. Landscape: Pattern, Perception and Process; Routledge: London, UK, 2012; ISBN 978-1-136-31890-0. [Google Scholar]
- McAlpine, G. Landscape Character Assessment—Guidance for England and Scotland. 2002. Available online: https://digital.nls.uk/pubs/e-monographs/2020/216649977.23.pdf (accessed on 14 October 2023).
- Pedroli, B.; van Doorn, A.; de Blust, G. Europe’s Living Landscapes: Essays Exploring Our Identity in the Countryside; BRILL: Shinjuku, Tokyo, 2007; ISBN 978-90-04-27807-3. [Google Scholar]
- Valentin, J.; Gamez, L. Environmental Psychology: New Developments; Nova Science Publishers, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2010; ISBN 978-1-61761-867-3. [Google Scholar]
- Szabó, S.; Csorba, P.; Szilassi, P. Tools for Landscape Ecological Planning—Scale, and Aggregation Sensitivity of the Contagion Type Landscape Metric Indices. Carpathian J. Earth Environ. Sci. 2012, 7, 127–136. [Google Scholar]
- Steg, L.; van den Berg, A.E.; de Groot, J.I.M. Environmental Psychology; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 1–11. ISBN 978-1-119-24107-2. [Google Scholar]
- Fukarek, F.; Müller, G.; Schuster, R.; Ehricht, H.-J.; Needon, C. Pflanzenwelt der Erde; Urania: Leipzig, Germany, 1980. [Google Scholar]
- Ibáñez, J.J.; Zinck, J.A.; Dazzi, C. Soil Geography and Diversity of the European Biogeographical Regions. Geoderma 2013, 192, 142–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iverson Nassauer, J. Culture and Changing Landscape Structure. Landsc. Ecol. 1995, 10, 229–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- OECD. Biological Resources and Biodiversity; OECD: Paris, France, 2023. [Google Scholar]
- McGarigal, K.; Cushman, S.A. The Gradient Concept of Landscape Structure. In Issues and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology; Wiens, J.A., Moss, M.R., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2005; pp. 112–119. ISBN 978-0-521-53754-4. [Google Scholar]
- Tiefenbacher, J. Perspectives on Nature Conservation: Patterns, Pressures and Prospects; BoD—Books on Demand; InTech: Rijeka, Croatia, 2012; ISBN 978-953-51-0033-1. [Google Scholar]
- Attila, K. Landscape protection. In Tájvédelem; Pedellus Tankönyvkiadó Kft: Debrecen, Hungary, 2007; ISBN 978-963-9612-54-9. [Google Scholar]
- Lausch, A.; Herzog, F. Applicability of Landscape Metrics for the Monitoring of Landscape Change: Issues of Scale, Resolution and Interpretability. Ecol. Indic. 2002, 2, 3–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cassatella, C.; Peano, A. (Eds.) Landscape Indicators: Assessing and Monitoring Landscape Quality; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2011; ISBN 978-94-007-0365-0. [Google Scholar]
- Sowińska-Świerkosz, B.N.; Chmielewski, T.J. A New Approach to the Identification of Landscape Quality Objectives (LQOs) as a Set of Indicators. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 184, 596–608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daniel, T.C. Whither Scenic Beauty? Visual Landscape Quality Assessment in the 21st Century. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2001, 54, 267–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tveit, M.; Ode, Å.; Fry, G. Key Concepts in a Framework for Analysing Visual Landscape Character. Landsc. Res. 2006, 31, 229–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Konkoly-Gyuró, É.; Balázs, P.; Tirászi, Á. Transdisciplinary Approach of Transboundary Landscape Studies: A Case Study of an Austro-Hungarian Transboundary Landscape. Geogr. Tidsskr.-Dan. J. Geogr. 2019, 119, 52–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hahn, T.; Heinrup, M.; Lindborg, R. Landscape Heterogeneity Correlates with Recreational Values: A Case Study from Swedish Agricultural Landscapes and Implications for Policy. Landsc. Res. 2018, 43, 696–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biedenweg, K.; Williams, K.; Cerveny, L.; Styers, D. Is Recreation a Landscape Value?: Exploring Underlying Values in Landscape Values Mapping. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2019, 185, 24–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Filep, S.; Pearce, P. Tourist Experience and Fulfilment: Insights from Positive Psychology; Routledge: London, UK, 2013; ISBN 978-1-136-48207-6. [Google Scholar]
- Folgado-Fernández, J.A.; Di-Clemente, E.; Hernández-Mogollón, J.M.; Campón-Cerro, A.M. Water Tourism: A New Strategy for the Sustainable Management of Water-Based Ecosystems and Landscapes in Extremadura (Spain). Land 2019, 8, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hansen, A.S. Understanding Recreational Landscapes—A Review and Discussion. Landsc. Res. 2021, 46, 128–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karancsi, Z.; Hornyák, S.; Szalma, E.; Oláh, F.; Korom, A.; Horváth, G.; Győri, F. Evaluating Waterfront Landscape Aesthetics as a Tourist Attraction: Case Study of the River Tisza, Hungary. Turizam 2022, 26, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wöbse, H.H. Landschaftsästhetik: Über das Wesen, die Bedeutung und den Umgang mit landschaftlicher Schönheit; Ulmer: Stuttgart, Germany, 2002; ISBN 978-3-8001-3217-1. [Google Scholar]
- de la Fuente de Val, G.; Atauri, J.A.; de Lucio, J.V. Relationship between Landscape Visual Attributes and Spatial Pattern Indices: A Test Study in Mediterranean-Climate Landscapes. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2006, 77, 393–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Junge, X.; Schüpbach, B.; Walter, T.; Schmid, B.; Lindemann-Matthies, P. Aesthetic Quality of Agricultural Landscape Elements in Different Seasonal Stages in Switzerland. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2015, 133, 67–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tveit, M.S.; Ode Sang, Å.; Hagerhall, C.M. Scenic Beauty. In Environmental Psychology; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 45–54. ISBN 978-1-119-24107-2. [Google Scholar]
- Häfner, K.; Zasada, I.; van Zanten, B.T.; Ungaro, F.; Koetse, M.; Piorr, A. Assessing Landscape Preferences: A Visual Choice Experiment in the Agricultural Region of Märkische Schweiz, Germany. Landsc. Res. 2018, 43, 846–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Todorova, A.; Asakawa, S.; Aikoh, T. Preferences for and Attitudes towards Street Flowers and Trees in Sapporo, Japan. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2004, 69, 403–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ode, Å.; Miller, D. Analysing the Relationship between Indicators of Landscape Complexity and Preference. Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des. 2011, 38, 24–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sowińska-Świerkosz, B. Index of Landscape Disharmony (ILDH) as a New Tool Combining the Aesthetic and Ecological Approach to Landscape Assessment. Ecol. Indic. 2016, 70, 166–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Llewellyn, D.H.; Rohse, M.; Bere, J.; Lewis, K.; Fyfe, H. Transforming Landscapes and Identities in the South Wales Valleys. Landsc. Res. 2019, 44, 804–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arriaza, M.; Cañas-Ortega, J.F.; Cañas-Madueño, J.A.; Ruiz-Aviles, P. Assessing the Visual Quality of Rural Landscapes. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2004, 69, 115–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soini, K.; Aakkula, J. Framing the Biodiversity of Agricultural Landscape: The Essence of Local Conceptions and Constructions. Land Use Policy 2007, 24, 311–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiborg, A. Place, Nature and Migration: Students’ Attachment to Their Rural Home Places. Sociol. Rural. 2004, 44, 416–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tuohino, A. In Search of the Sense of Finnish Lakes: A Geographical Approach to Lake Tourism Marketing. Nord. Geogr. Publ. 2015, 44, 77. [Google Scholar]
- Hedblom, M.; Hedenås, H.; Blicharska, M.; Adler, S.; Knez, I.; Mikusiński, G.; Svensson, J.; Sandström, S.; Sandström, P.; Wardle, D.A. Landscape Perception: Linking Physical Monitoring Data to Perceived Landscape Properties. Landsc. Res. 2020, 45, 179–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiemstedt, H. Zur Bewertung der Landschaft für die Erholung; Ulmer: Stuttgart, Germany, 1967. [Google Scholar]
- Howley, P. Landscape Aesthetics: Assessing the General Publics’ Preferences towards Rural Landscapes. Ecol. Econ. 2011, 72, 161–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tribot, A.-S.; Deter, J.; Mouquet, N. Integrating the Aesthetic Value of Landscapes and Biological Diversity. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2018, 285, 20180971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Li, J.; Luo, X.; Li, C.; Zhang, L. Urban Lake Spatial Openness and Relationship with Neighboring Land Prices: Exploratory Geovisual Analytics for Essential Policy Insights. Land Use Policy 2020, 92, 104479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luttik, J. The Value of Trees, Water and Open Space as Reflected by House Prices in the Netherlands. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2000, 48, 161–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, C.M.; Härkönen, T. Lake Tourism: An Integrated Approach to Lacustrine Tourism Systems; Channel View Publications: Bristol, UK, 2006; ISBN 978-1-84541-040-7. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, J.; Lin, H.; Qi, X. A literature review on optimization of spatial development pattern based on ecological-production-living space. Prog. Geogr. 2017, 36, 378–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Furgała-Selezniow, G.; Jankun-Woźnicka, M.; Mika, M. Lake Regions under Human Pressure in the Context of Socio-Economic Transition in Central-Eastern Europe: The Case Study of Olsztyn Lakeland, Poland. Land Use Policy 2020, 90, 104350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Newsome, D.; Moore, S.A.; Dowling, R.K. Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts and Management. In Natural Area Tourism; Channel View Publications: Bristol, UK, 2012; ISBN 978-1-84541-383-5. [Google Scholar]
- Geneletti, D.; van Duren, I. Protected Area Zoning for Conservation and Use: A Combination of Spatial Multicriteria and Multiobjective Evaluation. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2008, 85, 97–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hjortsø, C.N.; Stræde, S.; Helles, F. Applying Multi-Criteria Decision-Making to Protected Areas and Buffer Zone Management: A Case Study in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. J. For. Econ. 2006, 12, 91–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Huang, X.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, X.; Zhou, R. The Application of Landscape Character Classification for Spatial Zoning Management in Mountainous Protected Areas—A Case Study of Laoshan National Park, China. Heliyon 2023, 9, e13996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bentz, J.; Lopes, F.; Calado, H.; Dearden, P. Sustaining Marine Wildlife Tourism through Linking Limits of Acceptable Change and Zoning in the Wildlife Tourism Model. Mar. Policy 2016, 68, 100–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyerhoff, J.; Klefoth, T.; Arlinghaus, R. The Value Artificial Lake Ecosystems Provide to Recreational Anglers: Implications for Management of Biodiversity and Outdoor Recreation. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 252, 109580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hungarian Central Statistical Office. A Kereskedelmi Szálláshelyek Vendégforgalma Turisztikai Régiónként. Available online: https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/tur/hu/tur0021.html (accessed on 26 October 2023).
- Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Irrigation in Hungary. Available online: https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/mez/hu/mez0094.html (accessed on 26 October 2023).
- Szabó, L.; Deák, B.; Bíró, T.; Dyke, G.J.; Szabó, S. NDVI as a Proxy for Estimating Sedimentation and Vegetation Spread in Artificial Lakes—Monitoring of Spatial and Temporal Changes by Using Satellite Images Overarching Three Decades. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lőrinc, F. The Water System of the Lake Tisza. A Tisza-Tó Vízrendszere. Available online: http://www.kotikovizig.hu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:tisza-to-vizrendszere&catid=47:tisza-to-vizrendszere&Itemid=77 (accessed on 27 October 2023).
- Mariann, T.N.; Lőrinc, F. (Eds.) 40 Years of Lake Tisza. 40 éves a Tisza-Tó; Middle-Tisza District Water Directorate: Szolnok, Hungary, 2018; ISBN 978-615-00-1647-4. [Google Scholar]
- Venohr, M.; Langhans, S.D.; Peters, O.; Hölker, F.; Arlinghaus, R.; Mitchell, L.; Wolter, C. The Underestimated Dynamics and Impacts of Water-Based Recreational Activities on Freshwater Ecosystems. Environ. Rev. 2018, 26, 199–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grizzetti, B.; Liquete, C.; Pistocchi, A.; Vigiak, O.; Zulian, G.; Bouraoui, F.; De Roo, A.; Cardoso, A.C. Relationship between Ecological Condition and Ecosystem Services in European Rivers, Lakes and Coastal Waters. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 671, 452–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serbov, M.H. Scientific Basis for the Development of Recreational Fishing in the Reservoirs of Ukraine. Vodn. Bioresursy Ta Akvakult. 2012, 2, 49–64. [Google Scholar]
- Pokki, H.; Pellikka, J.; Eskelinen, P.; Moilanen, P. Regional Fishing Site Preferences of Subgroups of Finnish Recreational Fishers. Scand. J. Hosp. Tour. 2021, 21, 442–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nikolaus, R.; Matern, S.; Schafft, M.; Maday, A.; Wolter, C.; Klefoth, T.; Arlinghaus, R. Influence of Protected Riparian Areas on Habitat Structure and Biodiversity in and at Small Lakes Managed by Recreational Fisheries. Fish. Res. 2022, 256, 106476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Acreman, M.; Hughes, K.A.; Arthington, A.H.; Tickner, D.; Dueñas, M.-A. Protected Areas and Freshwater Biodiversity: A Novel Systematic Review Distils Eight Lessons for Effective Conservation. Conserv. Lett. 2020, 13, e12684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyer, N.; Schafft, M.; Wegner, B.; Wolter, C.; Arlinghaus, R.; Venohr, M.; von Oheimb, G. A Day on the Shore: Ecological Impacts of Non-Motorised Recreational Activities in and around Inland Water Bodies. J. Nat. Conserv. 2021, 64, 126073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Új Biciklis Forgalmi Csúcs Kiskörén. Available online: http://www.kotivizig.hu/kozep-tisza-videki/hireink/sajtohirek/uj-biciklis-forgalmi-csucs-kiskoren (accessed on 13 November 2023).
- Kovács, J. Idén Is Óriásit Lép Előre a Tisza-Tó és Térsége. Available online: https://ilovetiszato.hu/2021/04/06/iden-is-oriasit-lep-elore-a-tisza-to-es-tersege/ (accessed on 26 October 2023).
- Bonnichsen, O.; Jensen, C.L.; Olsen, S.B. An Empirical Investigation of German Tourist Anglers’ Preferences for Angling in Denmark; IFRO Working Paper; University of Copenhagen, Department of Food and Resource Economics: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Arlinghaus, R.; Alós, J.; Beardmore, B.; Daedlow, K.; Dorow, M.; Fujitani, M.; Hühn, D.; Haider, W.; Hunt, L.M.; Johnson, B.M.; et al. Understanding and Managing Freshwater Recreational Fisheries as Complex Adaptive Social-Ecological Systems. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac. 2017, 25, 1–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooke, S.J.; Arlinghaus, R.; Johnson, B.M.; Cowx, I.G. Recreational Fisheries in Inland Waters. In Freshwater Fisheries Ecology; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015; pp. 449–465. ISBN 978-1-118-39438-0. [Google Scholar]
- Brownscombe, J.W.; Hyder, K.; Potts, W.; Wilson, K.L.; Pope, K.L.; Danylchuk, A.J.; Cooke, S.J.; Clarke, A.; Arlinghaus, R.; Post, J.R. The Future of Recreational Fisheries: Advances in Science, Monitoring, Management, and Practice. Fish. Res. 2019, 211, 247–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beardmore, B.; Hunt, L.M.; Haider, W.; Dorow, M.; Arlinghaus, R. Effectively Managing Angler Satisfaction in Recreational Fisheries Requires Understanding the Fish Species and the Anglers. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2015, 72, 500–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benkhard, B. Travel Practice of the New Generation of Tourist Managers in the University of Debrecen. In Book of Proceedings Vol. II—International Conference on Tourism & Management Studies—Algarve 2011; 2012; pp. 1011–1013. Available online: https://www.tmstudies.net/index.php/ectms/issue/view/10 (accessed on 16 October 2023).
- Vasvári, M.; Boda, J.; Dávid, L.; Bujdosó, Z. Water-Based Tourism as Reflected in Visitors to Hungary’s Lakes. Geoj. Tour. Geosites 2015, 15, 91–103. [Google Scholar]
- Dávid, L.D.; Kóródi, M.; Puczko, L.; Vasvári, M. A Tisza-Tó Imázsa És Márkázottsága. Tur. Bull. 2010, 2010, 85–92. [Google Scholar]
- Gallardo, M.; Cocero, D. Using the European CORINE Land Cover Database: A 2011–2021 Specific Review. In Sustainable Development Goals in Europe: A Geographical Approach; De Lázaro Torres, M.L., De Miguel González, R., Eds.; Key Challenges in Geography; Springer International Publishing: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2023; pp. 303–325. ISBN 978-3-031-21614-5. [Google Scholar]
- Büttner, G. CORINE Land Cover and Land Cover Change Products. In Land Use and Land Cover Mapping in Europe: Practices & Trends; Manakos, I., Braun, M., Eds.; Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2014; pp. 55–74. ISBN 978-94-007-7969-3. [Google Scholar]
- Aune-Lundberg, L.; Strand, G.-H. The Content and Accuracy of the CORINE Land Cover Dataset for Norway. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 2021, 96, 102266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, M. LecoS—Landscape Ecology Statistics. Available online: https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/LecoS/ (accessed on 23 September 2023).
- Bueno, A.S.; Peres, C.A. Patch-Scale Biodiversity Retention in Fragmented Landscapes: Reconciling the Habitat Amount Hypothesis with the Island Biogeography Theory. J. Biogeogr. 2019, 46, 621–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sardar, P.; Samadder, S.R. Understanding the Dynamics of Landscape of Greater Sundarban Area Using Multi-Layer Perceptron Markov Chain and Landscape Statistics Approach. Ecol. Indic. 2021, 121, 106914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dušek, R.; Popelková, R. Theoretical View of the Shannon Index in the Evaluation of Landscape Diversity. Auc Geogr. 2017, 47, 5–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EDEN. 2023 EDEN—European Destinations of Excellence. Available online: https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/tourism/awards-and-outreach-activities/eden_en (accessed on 26 October 2023).
- Mester, T.; Benkhard, B.; Vasvári, M.; Csorba, P.; Kiss, E.; Balla, D.; Fazekas, I.; Csépes, E.; Barkat, A.; Szabó, G. Hydrochemical Assessment of the Kisköre Reservoir (Lake Tisza) and the Impacts of Water Quality on Tourism Development. Water 2023, 15, 1514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eagles, P.F.J.; McCool, S.F.; Haynes, C.D. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management; IUCN: Gland, Switzerland, 2002; ISBN 978-2-8317-0648-1. [Google Scholar]
- Dabrowksa, K.; Hunt, L.M.; Haider, W. Understanding How Angler Characteristics and Context Influence Angler Preferences for Fishing Sites. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 2017, 37, 1350–1361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matsumura, S.; Beardmore, B.; Haider, W.; Dieckmann, U.; Arlinghaus, R. Ecological, Angler, and Spatial Heterogeneity Drive Social and Ecological Outcomes in an Integrated Landscape Model of Freshwater Recreational Fisheries. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac. 2019, 27, 170–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deely, J.; Hynes, S.; Curtis, J. Coarse Angler Site Choice Model with Perceived Site Attributes. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour. 2020, 32, 100177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Area km2 | Average Water Depth cm | Proportion of Open Water Surface % | Proportion of the Lake Temporarily Covered by Aquatic Vegetation % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tiszavalk part | 26 | 50–60 | 44 | 56 |
Poroszló part | 52 | 80 | 45 | 55 |
Sarud part | 28 | 120 | 76 | 24 |
Abádszalók part | 21 | 210 | 83 | 17 |
Landscape Metrics | Land Cover Categories | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sport and Leisure Facilities | Non-Irrigated Arable Land | Pastures | Broad-Leaved Forest | Natural Grasslands | Transitional Woodland Shrub | Inland Marshes | Water Courses | Water Bodies | |
Land cover (km2) | 0.010 | 0.240 | 0.040 | 0.390 | 0.010 | 0.040 | 21.390 | 1.180 | 1.460 |
Landscape Proportion (%) | 0.01% | 0.19% | 0.03% | 0.30% | 0.01% | 0.03% | 16.64% | 0.92% | 1.14% |
Number of Patches | 1 | 11 | 3 | 26 | 1 | 4 | 47 | 1 | 5 |
Greatest patch area (km2) | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 15.46 | 1.18 | 0.65 |
Smallest patch area (km2) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.18 | 0.01 |
Mean patch area (km2) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.46 | 1.18 | 0.29 |
Median patch area (km2) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.18 | 0.28 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Benkhard, B.; Csorba, P.; Mester, T.; Balla, D.; Kiss, E.; Szabó, G.; Fazekas, I.; Vass, R.; Rooien, A.; Vasvári, M. Effects of Mosaic Natural Conditions on the Tourism Management of a Lowland Water Reservoir, Lake Tisza, Hungary. Land 2023, 12, 2092. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land12122092
Benkhard B, Csorba P, Mester T, Balla D, Kiss E, Szabó G, Fazekas I, Vass R, Rooien A, Vasvári M. Effects of Mosaic Natural Conditions on the Tourism Management of a Lowland Water Reservoir, Lake Tisza, Hungary. Land. 2023; 12(12):2092. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land12122092
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenkhard, Borbála, Péter Csorba, Tamás Mester, Dániel Balla, Emőke Kiss, György Szabó, István Fazekas, Róbert Vass, Azin Rooien, and Mária Vasvári. 2023. "Effects of Mosaic Natural Conditions on the Tourism Management of a Lowland Water Reservoir, Lake Tisza, Hungary" Land 12, no. 12: 2092. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land12122092