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Communication

Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis sp. in Camelus bactrianus in Northwestern China

by
Xin Yang
1,†,
Yunhui Li
1,†,
Yuxin Wang
1,†,
Junwei Wang
1,
Peng Lai
1,
Yuan Li
1,
Junke Song
1,
Meng Qi
2,* and
Guanghui Zhao
1,*
1
College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
2
College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed to the research equally.
Animals 2021, 11(11), 3016; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11113016
Submission received: 9 September 2021 / Revised: 15 October 2021 / Accepted: 17 October 2021 / Published: 20 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Parasite Epidemiology and Population Genetics)
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Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Knowledge for the distribution and genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. can provide novel insights for the prevention and control of this parasite. The present study first reported the occurrence of Blastocystis infection in Camelus bactrianus, an important economic animal in northwestern China. We found the existence of eight Blastocystis subtypes in C. bactrianus, indicating potential risks and transmission of Blastocystis sp. for C. bactrianus.

Abstract

Blastocystis sp. is an important zoonotic protist in humans and various animals with worldwide distribution. However, there have been no data on the occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus, an important economic animal in northwestern China. In the present study, a PCR-sequencing tool based on the SSU rRNA gene was applied to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. in 638 faecal samples from C. bactrianus in 21 sampling sites within three main breeding areas (Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang) in northwestern China. The total prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was 21.8% (139/638) in C. bactrianus, with the infection rates of 29.5% (18/61), 50.0% (14/28) and 19.5% (107/549) for animals aged <2 years, 2–6 years and >6 years, respectively. Significant differences in prevalence were detected among C. bactrianus from three geographic areas (χ2 = 19.972, df = 2, p < 0.001) and all sampling sites (χ2 = 104.154, df = 20, p < 0.001). A total of 16 of 21 sampling sites were positive for Blastocystis sp., with the prevalence ranging from 7.7% to 70.6%. Sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene identified eight subtypes in C. bactrianus in the present study, including seven animal adapted subtypes (ST10, ST14, ST21, ST24, ST25, ST26 and ST30) and one potentially novel subtype, with ST10 being the dominant one. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first insight for the occurrence and genetic make-up of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus and contributes to the understanding of the transmission of Blastocystis infection in C. bactrianus in China.

1. Introduction

Blastocystis sp. is a common gastrointestinal protist in humans and various animals with worldwide distribution [1,2]. Although there exists controversy on the pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp. [3], it is estimated that over 1 billion people are colonized/infected with Blastocystis sp. [4]. Meanwhile, co-infections of Blastocystis sp. and zoonotic gastrointestinal parasitic pathogens were commonly found in humans. For example, one study found 54 of 1359 schoolchildren infected with at least two of the enteroparasites Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Spain [5]. Co-infections of Blastocystis sp. and G. duodenalis/Cryptosporidium spp. were reported in 28 of 255 children in a cross-sectional study in Colombia [6], and mixed infections of Blastocystis sp. and G. duodenalis were found in 22 of 261 indigenous children in an epidemiological study in Colombian Amazon Basin [7]. Blastocystis sp. also has been recognized to be possibly related to Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in patients, causing a series of gastrointestinal symptoms, e.g., diarrhea, nausea and abdominal pain [7,8,9], and this protist was also likely relevant to the development of colon cancers [10,11]. Recent studies believed that Blastocystis sp. would be a common intestinal microbiota highly associated with microbial diversity of intestines and immune state of hosts [12,13].
Understanding the distribution and genetic diversity of pathogens can provide novel insights for the prevention and control of parasitic infections and diseases. Currently, Blastocystis sp. was classified into 32 subtypes (STs) based on intra-variations within sequences of the SSU rRNA gene [14,15,16,17,18]. By reviewing subtypes ST1–ST26, it is recognized that ST18–ST20 and ST22 are not recommended in future analysis due to the possible existence of molecular chimaera within these subtypes [15]. Except for ST9, all the remaining subtypes have been reported in animals [19,20]. Significantly, ST1–ST8, ST10, ST12 and ST14 were also found in humans, suggesting a potential zoonotic transmission route between humans and animals of these subtypes [18,21].
Camelus bactrianus is a common camel species mainly found in central Asia, western China and India [22,23]. As a ship of the desert, C. bactrianus is not only an indispensable transport tool in desert and semi-desert areas, but is also an important economic animal in northwestern China, with a total number of about 405,300 in 2019 [24,25,26]. Under the grazing condition, C. bactrianus is easily to be infected with parasitic pathogens, and several zoonotic pathogens (e.g., Echinococcus granulosus, Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, G. duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi) identified in this animal also have important implications for human health [27,28,29,30,31,32].
Though there have been no reports on the occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus, Blastocystis infection has been detected in C. dromedarius, with the prevalence of 24.0–25.0% [33,34,35], and six subtypes, including three zoonotic subtypes (ST1, ST3 and ST5) and three animal adapted subtypes (ST10, ST14 and ST15) [33,34]. To understand the infection status of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus, the present study explored the colonization frequency and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus from three main breeding areas in northwestern China, and assessed the zoonotic potential of this protist in C. bactrianus.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sampling

From July 2016 to October 2019, a total of 638 faecal samples of C. bactrianus were collected from 21 sampling sites in Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, northwestern China (Figure 1), including 61, 28 and 549 samples from animals aged < 2 years, 2–6 years and >6 years, respectively. All investigated animals were healthy in the present study, and the faecal consistency was normal without obvious diarrhea or other symptoms. All samples were placed into separate bags marked with basic information (e.g., geographic area, sampling site, age), immediately transported to the parasitology laboratory of Northwest A&F University under cool condition, and then kept in 2.5% potassium dichromate at 4 °C for further study.

2.2. Genomic DNA Extraction

Each faecal sample was washed three times with distilled water to remove potassium dichromate, and then used for genomic DNA (gDNA) extraction. The E.Z.N.A. Stool DNA kit (Omega, Norcross, GA, USA) was used to isolate gDNA sample from approximately 300 mg faeces of each sample according to the manufacturer, and extracted gDNA samples were kept at −20 °C.

2.3. PCR Amplification and Cloning

The occurrence of Blastocystis sp. was detected using a PCR targeting an ~500 bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene using primers Blast505F (5′-GGAGGTAGTGACAATAAATC-3′) and Blast998R (5′-TGCTTTCGCACTTGTTCATC-3′) previously reported [36]. PCR was conducted in a 25 μL reaction mixture containing 1× Ex Taq Buffer (Mg2+ free), 2 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTP Mixture, 0.625 U TaKaRa Ex Taq, 0.4 μΜ each primer and 1 μL gDNA under the following condition: an initial denaturing at 95 °C for 4 min, followed by 35 cycles (denaturing at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 54 °C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 30 s), and a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. Positive PCR products showed an expected band with the size of ~500 bp visualized under a UV transilluminator after 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. All positive amplicons were purified by using TIANgel Midi Purification Kit, cloned into pMD 19-T vector and transformed into Escherichia coli JM109. Then, the positive transformants were confirmed by PCR using the forward primer Blast505F and a universal reverse primer M13-48 of the pMD 19-T plasmid under the above-mentioned reaction condition.

2.4. Sequencing and Sequence Analysis

Three positive transformants of each faecal sample were sequenced using the primer Blast505F in PCR amplification by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) using an ABI 730 Autosequencer. The obtained nucleotide sequences were confirmed to be Blastocystis SSU rRNA gene by BLAST alignment within NCBI (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi, accessed on 21 June 2021), and then aligned with reference sequences download from GenBankTM within NCBI by using Clustal X 2.1 (www.clustal.org/, accessed on 21 June 2021). To identify subtypes of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus, a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was constructed by using the software MEGA 6.06 [37]. The Kimura 2-parameter model was used in the calculation of substitution rates with the bootstrap evaluation of 1000 replicates [38].

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Differences in the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. among geographical areas and sampling sites were analyzed by using the χ2 test within the software SPSS V18.0 (IBM, New York, NY, USA), and the differences were considered significant when p value < 0.05.

2.6. Nucleotide Sequence Accession Numbers

Representative nucleotide sequences of the present study have been submitted to GenBankTM under the accession numbers of MZ356395-MZ356411, MZ356413-MZ356415, MZ356418-MZ356456, MZ356458-MZ356472 and MZ356474-MZ356480.

3. Results and Discussion

Blastocystis sp. is an important zoonotic protist with worldwide distribution. Although many studies have reported the prevalence and genetic variations of Blastocystis sp. in humans and various animals [1,2,19,39,40], there is still lack of information on the occurrence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus. In the present study, we are the first to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus by using the PCR-sequencing tool targeting the SSU rRNA gene. The total prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus in our study was 21.8% (139/638), which was similar to that in C. dromedaries in Libya (24.0%) [33] and Egypt (25.0%) [34], sheep in the United Kingdom (23.5%) [33], cattle in Brazil (21.4%) [41] and Indonesia (21.2%) [42], and pigs in China (21.7%) [43], but was lower than that in camels in China (50.0%) [39], goats in China (58.1%) [44], Malaysia (30.9%) [45] and Thailand (94.7%) [46], pigs in Spain (46.6%) [47], China (50.0%) [48] and Australia (100%) [49], and cattle in Japan (54.1%) [50], Lebanon (63.4%) [51] and Indonesia (100%) [52], and higher than that in sheep in China (6.0%) [53] and India (14.0%) [54], goats in Nepal (0.8%) [55], pigs in Australia (15.7%) [56] and Spain (7.5%) [57], and cattle in Iran (9.7%) [58], South Korea (6.7%) [59] and Turkey (11.3%) [60]. The differences in the prevalence are possibly caused by sampling size, detection methods and susceptibilities of livestock to Blastocystis sp. [15,61]. Further, Blastocystis infection was detected in all three investigated geographic areas in our study, with the highest prevalence in Gansu (38.2%, 39/102), followed by Xinjiang (19.8%, 68/344) and Inner Mongolia (16.7%, 32/192), and significant differences in prevalence were found among these geographic areas (χ2 = 19.972, df = 2, p < 0.001). The differences among regions in our study may be associated with different age groups and sample size collected at each region, as well as geographical and animal management practices among regions. Significant differences in prevalence were also recognized among 21 sampling sites (χ2 = 104.154, df = 20, p < 0.001), and Blastocystis sp. was identified in 16 sampling sites, with the highest prevalence in Hotan (70.6%, 12/17) and lowest in Ordosr (7.7%, 1/13) (Table 1).
Meanwhile, Blastocystis sp. was found in C. bactrianus of all three investigated age groups, with the infection rates of 29.5% (18/61), 50.0% (14/28) and 19.5% (107/549) for animals aged <2 years, 2–6 years and >6 years, respectively (Table 2), indicating lower infection rate in older animals (>6 years) compared with that in younger age animals (<2 years and 2–6 years). However, contrary results were recognized in the colonization of Blastocystis sp. in cattle because it was mentioned that age was likely a factor influencing prevalence with younger animals having lower prevalence than older animals [62]. These differences indicated potential divergent distribution and transmission of Blastocystis sp. among hosts [3,40].
In the present study, all 139 positive samples were sent for sequencing, but we got 134 sequences because five samples failed for sequencing. The length of the 134 obtained sequences ranged from 389 to 409 bp, and a total of 75 haplotypes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed eight Blastocystis subtypes in C. bactrianus in the present study (Figure 2), including seven known subtypes, namely ST10 (49), ST14 (21), ST30 (19), ST24 (14), ST25 (8), ST21 (1) and ST26 (1), and one potentially novel ST (21) (Table 1 and Table 2). Of these, ST10 (36.6%) was the dominant subtype widely distributed in all age groups and most sampling sites (Table 1 and Table 2). Previous studies have also reported the ST10 in various ruminants with worldwide distribution, e.g., cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and camels [19,33,39,44], and one recent study found the existence of ST10 in children in Senegal [21], suggesting the potentially zoonotic transmission of this subtype, which needs further verification in more studies. Besides, ST14 was the second highest frequency (15.7%) in our study, which has also been commonly found in ruminants with worldwide distribution, such as dairy cattle, yaks, water buffalo, takins, alpacas, sheep, goats, antelope, and deer [33,39,61], and also reported in a recent report in children in Senegal [21]. ST24 was a less common subtype with the prevalence of 10.4% in this study, and it has also been found in cattle and deer in the United States [16,38], and in birds in Brazil [14]. Another less common subtype ST25 is identified in 6.0% of samples, which has also been identified in llama in Colombia [17], and in cattle in Spain [63], and chickens in Brazil [18]. In our study, both ST26 and ST21 were found as the lowest frequency (0.8%). ST26, previously identified in dairy cattle [38] and deer [16] in the United States, and in goat, sheep, and cattle in Colombia [17], was found in one camel under two years in Inner Mongolia. ST21, which has been reported in dairy cattle and white-tailed deer in the United States [16,38], and in goats, llama and sheep in Colombia [17], and waterbuck in China [39], was also identified in one camel under two years in Inner Mongolia. Notably, the potentially novel subtype identified in our study was commonly identified in all geographic areas and age groups (Table 1 and Table 2). Sequence alignment indicated that a total of 14 haplotypes were recognized within the SSU rRNA sequences of this potential novel Blastocystis subtype in this study, with 37 mutation/indel sites recognized (Supplementary Materials: Table S1). Although zoonotic subtypes were absent in the present study, the frequent distribution of Blastocystis subtypes ST10 and ST14 identified in C. bactrianus poses a potential threat to the transmission of Blastocystis sp. among ruminants in northwestern China.

4. Conclusions

The present study first reported Blastocystis infection in C. bactrianus, with the prevalence of 21.8%, and significant differences in prevalence were observed for animals from different geographic areas and sampling sites. Eight subtypes, including one potentially novel subtype, were identified in C. bactrianus. These findings provided fundamental data for the understanding of the transmission of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus as well as other hosts.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/article/10.3390/ani11113016/s1, Table S1: Variations in the SSU rRNA nucleotide sequences among the potentially novel subtype of Blastocystis sp. from Camelus bactrianus in the present study.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.Z. and M.Q.; methodology, X.Y., Y.L. (Yunhui Li) and Y.W.; software, J.W.; validation, P.L.; formal analysis, Y.L. (Yuan Li); investigation, J.S.; data curation, Y.L. (Yunhui Li) and Y.W.; writing—original draft preparation, X.Y.; writing—review and editing, X.Y. and G.Z.; visualization, X.Y.; supervision, G.Z. and M.Q.; project administration, G.Z. and M.Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Animals 11 03016 g001 550
Figure 1. Geographical distribution of sampling sites in the present study. Each black triangle represents one sampling site.
Figure 1. Geographical distribution of sampling sites in the present study. Each black triangle represents one sampling site.
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Animals 11 03016 g002 550
Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Blastocystis subtypes in the present study (black filled circles before the sample name) with reference sequences from GenBankTM based on the sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene by neighbor-joining analysis using the Kimura 2-parameter model. Bootstrap values (>70) are indicated at the nodes. Scale bar indicates 0.05 nucleotide substitutions/site. Labyrinthuloides hali (U21338) and Developayella elegans (U37107) are used as the outgroups.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Blastocystis subtypes in the present study (black filled circles before the sample name) with reference sequences from GenBankTM based on the sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene by neighbor-joining analysis using the Kimura 2-parameter model. Bootstrap values (>70) are indicated at the nodes. Scale bar indicates 0.05 nucleotide substitutions/site. Labyrinthuloides hali (U21338) and Developayella elegans (U37107) are used as the outgroups.
Animals 11 03016 g002
Table
Table 1. Occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in Camelus bactrianus in China.
Table 1. Occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in Camelus bactrianus in China.
Geographical
Areas		Sampling SitesNo.
Examined		No. Positive (%)Subtypes (No.)
GansuMinqin6316 (30.2)ST10 (5); ST14 (3); ST24 (4); ST 25 (2); ST30 (1); PT-ST (1)
Yongchang3920 (51.3)ST10 (2); ST14 (2); ST 25 (1); ST30 (6); PT-ST (9)
Subtotal10239 (38.2)ST10 (7); ST14 (5); ST24 (4); ST 25 (3); ST30 (7); PT-ST (10)
Inner MongoliaBayanhaote8211 (13.4)ST10 (2); ST14 (2); ST21 (1); ST24 (1); ST26 (1); ST30 (2); PT-ST (2)
Suhaitu276 (22.2)ST24 (1); ST25 (1); ST30 (1); PT-ST (3)
Gilantai242 (8.3)ST24 (1); ST30 (1)
Shariburidu2712 (44.4)ST10 (1); ST14 (2); ST24 (2); ST25 (2); ST30 (2); PT-ST (3)
Tenggeli190 (0)0
Ordos131 (7.7)ST25 (1)
Subtotal19232 (16.7)ST10 (3); ST14 (4); ST21 (1); ST24 (5); ST25 (4); ST26 (1); ST30 (6); PT-ST (8)
XinjiangBachu160 (0)0
Wensu240 (0)0
Qitai195 (26.3)ST10 (1); ST14 (3); ST30 (1)
Pishan175 (29.4)ST10 (3); ST14 (2)
Barkol
Kazakh		587 (12.1)ST10 (5); ST14 (1); ST24 (1)
Qinghe579 (15.8)ST10 (4); ST24 (2); ST30 (1); PT-ST (2)
Shihezi6017 (28.3)ST10 (9); ST14 (5); ST24 (1)
Qapqal Xibe121 (8.3)ST10 (1)
Hejing160 (0)0
Wushi106 (60.0)ST10 (5); ST14 (1)
Tarbagatay160 (0)0
Hotan1712 (70.6)ST10 (8); ST30 (4)
Qira226 (27.3)ST10 (3); ST24 (1); ST25 (1); PT-ST (1)
Subtotal34468 (19.8)ST10 (39); ST14 (12); ST24 (5); ST25 (1); ST30 (6); PT-ST (3)
Total 638139 (21.8)ST10 (49); ST14 (21); ST21 (1); ST24 (14); ST25 (8); ST26 (1);
ST30 (19); PT-ST (21)
Note: PT-ST: potentially novel subtype.
Table
Table 2. Age distribution of Blastocystis sp. in Camelus bactrianus in China.
Table 2. Age distribution of Blastocystis sp. in Camelus bactrianus in China.
Age (Years)No. ExaminedNo. Positive (%)Subtypes (No.)
<26118 (29.5)ST10 (5); ST14 (5); ST21 (1); ST26 (1); ST30 (3); PT-ST (1)
2–62814 (50.0)ST10 (2); ST14 (1); ST24 (2); ST25 (2); ST30 (1); PT-ST (5)
>6549107 (19.5)ST10 (42); ST14 (15); ST24 (12); ST25 (6); ST30 (15); PT-ST (15)
Total638139 (21.8)ST10 (49); ST14 (21); ST21 (1); ST24 (14); ST25 (8); ST26 (1); ST30 (19); PT-ST (21)
Note: PT-ST: potentially novel subtype.
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Yang, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Lai, P.; Li, Y.; Song, J.; Qi, M.; Zhao, G. Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis sp. in Camelus bactrianus in Northwestern China. Animals 2021, 11, 3016. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11113016

AMA Style

Yang X, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Lai P, Li Y, Song J, Qi M, Zhao G. Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis sp. in Camelus bactrianus in Northwestern China. Animals. 2021; 11(11):3016. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11113016

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Yang, Xin, Yunhui Li, Yuxin Wang, Junwei Wang, Peng Lai, Yuan Li, Junke Song, Meng Qi, and Guanghui Zhao. 2021. "Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis sp. in Camelus bactrianus in Northwestern China" Animals 11, no. 11: 3016. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11113016

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