Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Avium Complex Investigation among Malaysian Free-Ranging Wild Boar and Wild Macaques at Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Animals
2.2. Sample Collection and Post-Mortem Examination for TBLL
2.3. Stained Smears for Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB)
2.4. Mycobacterial Culture Isolation
2.5. DNA Extraction from Tissues and Anticoagulated Blood
2.6. PCR for the Genus Mycobacterium, MTBC and MAC
2.7. DNA Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of M. bovis 16S rRNA Gene
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Primer Name | Nucleotide Sequence | bp | Target |
---|---|---|---|---|
16S rRNA | MYCGEN-F | AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG | 1030 | MTBC |
MYCGEN-R | TGCACACAGGCCACAAGGGA | |||
MYCGEN-F | AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG | 180 | M. avium | |
MYCAV-R | ACCAGAAGACATGCGTCTTG | |||
MYCINT-F | CCTTTAGGCGCATGTCTTTA | 850 | M. intracellulare | |
MYCGEN-R | TGCACACAGGCCACAAGGGA | |||
TBI-F | GAACAATCCGGAGTTGACAA | 372 | M. bovis | |
TB1R | AGCACGCTGTCAATCATGTA | |||
oxyR285 | oxyRF | 5′CTATGCGATCAGGCGTACTTG 3′ | 556 | M. bovis |
oxyRR | 5′GGT GAT ATA TCA CAC CAT A 3′ | |||
L1F | 5′CCCGCTGATGCAAGTGCC 3′ | 460 | M. bovis | |
L2R | CCCGCACATCCCAACACC 3′ | |||
Rv2073c | Rv2073cF | 5′TCGCCGCTGCCAGATGAGTC 3′ | 600 | M. tb |
(RD9) | Rv2073cR | 5′TTTGGGAGCCGCCGGTGGTGATGA3′ | ||
hsp65631 | hsp65F | 5′ACC AAC GAT GGT GTG TCC AT 3′ | 441 | MTBC |
hsp65R | 5′CTT GTC GAA CCG CAT ACC CT 3′ |
Diagnostic Test | Samples (N) | Positive | Percentage (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Tuberculosis-like lesion wild boar wild macaques | 30 42 | 9 0 | 30% (16.7–47.9) 0 (0–8.4) |
Acid fast staining wild boar wild macaques | 30 42 | 0 0 | 0 (0–11.4) 0 (0–8.4) |
Mycobacterial culture Total samples | 93 | 0 | |
PCR MTBC—wild boar PCR MAC—wild boar PCR MTBC— macaques | 12 12 30 | 9 11 0 | 75% (46.8–91.1) 91% (64.6–98.5) 0 (0–11.4) |
PCR MAC—macaques | 30 | 10 | 33% (19.2–51.2) |
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Lekko, Y.M.; Che-Amat, A.; Ooi, P.T.; Omar, S.; Ramanoon, S.Z.; Mazlan, M.; Jesse, F.F.A.; Jasni, S.; Ariff Abdul-Razak, M.F. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Avium Complex Investigation among Malaysian Free-Ranging Wild Boar and Wild Macaques at Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface. Animals 2021, 11, 3252. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11113252
Lekko YM, Che-Amat A, Ooi PT, Omar S, Ramanoon SZ, Mazlan M, Jesse FFA, Jasni S, Ariff Abdul-Razak MF. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Avium Complex Investigation among Malaysian Free-Ranging Wild Boar and Wild Macaques at Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface. Animals. 2021; 11(11):3252. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11113252
Chicago/Turabian StyleLekko, Yusuf Madaki, Azlan Che-Amat, Peck Toung Ooi, Sharina Omar, Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon, Mazlina Mazlan, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse, Sabri Jasni, and Mohd Firdaus Ariff Abdul-Razak. 2021. "Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Avium Complex Investigation among Malaysian Free-Ranging Wild Boar and Wild Macaques at Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface" Animals 11, no. 11: 3252. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani11113252