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Article

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic and Cytotoxic Activity of Crocus sativus L. Petals

by
Adil Farooq Wali
1,*,
Houda Ahmed Abou Alchamat
1,
Huda Khaled Hariri
1,
Bushra Khaled Hariri
1,
Godfred A. Menezes
2,
Uzma Zehra
3,
Muneeb U. Rehman
4 and
Parvaiz Ahmad
5,*
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RAKCOPS, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, 11172 Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
2
Department of Microbiology, RAKCOM, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, 11172 Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
3
Invasion Biology, Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
4
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(4), 1519; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10041519
Submission received: 16 January 2020 / Revised: 11 February 2020 / Accepted: 13 February 2020 / Published: 23 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Application of Plant Extracts)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The purpose of this research is to examine in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and cytotoxic efficacy of different extracts of Crocus sativus L. petals. Antioxidant activity of extracts was assessed by DPPH and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay. Among all extracts, ethanol (SPE) had the maximum radical scavenging activity with IC50 values 86.63 ± 7.53 μg/mL. The antimicrobial activity was determined by the evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration using the agar well plate procedure. The most effective extract was SPE with a minimum inhibitory concentration varying between 500 µg/mL, 250 µg/mL, 125 µg/mL, 62.5 µg/mL, 31.25 µg/mL, 15.63 µg/mL. Cytotoxic activity was tested against MDA-MB-231 cell lines using the MTT method whereas, antidiabetic activity was evaluated using an alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay. All extracts were found to have significant antidiabetic activity.

1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization, infectious diseases are one of the major threats to human beings [1]. The prevalence of species susceptible to various antimicrobial agents has increased, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality and total treatment costs [2]. The overuse of antibiotics contributes to the rapid development of multidrug-resistant pathogens [3]. The continued rise in the magnitude of multidrug resistance to traditional antibiotics is a biggest concern of researchers and practitioners globally and it has become a worldwide problem in recent decades [4]. The increasing number of incidents of infectious diseases associated with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance helps in the discovery of new antimicrobial agents [5].
Natural products have a significant role in the health care sector and have been used for the prevention of several infectious diseases since ancient times [6]. Such products including medicinal plant extract, are important source for the development of novel disease therapies [7,8]. Over recent decades, the use of medicinal plants has become increasingly integral to the world’s primary health care needs. Medicinal plants are the cornerstone of traditional complementary and alternative medical practice, as many current drugs and their derivatives are isolated from these plants [9]. Plants are known as being the most effective antimicrobial agents due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds [10]. Plants may contain a number of biologically active compounds, and all these compounds have the potential for effective therapeutic effect [11,12].
Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) (family Iridaceae) is often used as a spice in various parts of the world and as a therapeutic agent for a range of diseases [13]. The name of saffron was derived from the Arabic word “zafaran”, meaning yellow [14]. Literature survey revealed that more than 100 bioactive compounds has be isolated from saffron stigma mainly flavonoids [15], terpenoids [16], anthraquinones [17]. Saffron has been used in folk medicines to treat multiple conditions, including cough, gastrointestinal, menstrual irregularities and cardiovascular ailments [18]. Recent pharmacological analysis of saffron stigma and petals showed a broad range of biological activities like antioxidant [19], anticancer [20], neuroprotective [21], antidiabetic [22], aphrodisiac [23], hypolipidemic [24], anti-inflammatory [25], antimicrobial activities [26], etc.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and cytotoxic effects of C. sativus L. petals using various screening tests.

2. Materials

Petals of the C. sativus L were collected from Pampore (34.02°N 74.93°E.), Kashmir, J&K, India. The petals were shade dried for a week and the moisture content evaluated by using an oven. The air-dried petals were coarsely powdered with a grinder (Moulinex-Mc300). The powder was stored in an air-tight container and placed at dry place.

2.1. Preparation of Extracts

About 10 g of coarsely powdered C. sativus L petals were filled in the cellulose thimble and transferred to a soxhlet apparatus. The apparatus was filled with 200 mL of solvent and reflux it till color of the solvents fades using a heating mantel. In the current study three different solvents were used for extraction based on the polarity of the solvents. Starting from the least polar solvent, i.e., hexane (SPH) followed by dichloromethane (SPD) and lastly by ethanol (SPE). After completion of each extraction cycle, all extracts were filtered and evaporated at 50 °C at 100 bar using vacuo (Buchi Rotavapor® R-210). All the extracts were stored in the desiccator for further testing.

2.2. Extraction Yield of Each Extract of C. sativus L Petals

The extraction yield of each extract obtained from C. sativus L petals was calculated using the following formula:
Extraction yield = Ac/Ar ∗ 100
where, Ac = Weight of each extract in grams, Ar = Weight of the C. sativus L. petals in grams

2.3. Estimation of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)

Folin–Ciocalteu’s assay and colorimetric method were used to evaluate the total phenolic content [27] and total flavonoid content [28] of the C. sativus L in each extract.

2.4. In-vitro Antioxidant Activity

The antioxidant activity of all C. sativus L extracts were determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) [29] and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) [30] assays.
DPPH assay: Aliquots of 300 µL with different concentrations of SPH, SPD, SPE and BHA (positive control) were mixed individually with a solution of 0.2 mmol/L DPPH in methanol (negative control), the mixture was vigorously mixed together and kept to incubate at room temperature for 20 min in the dark. The absorbance values were documented at 517 nm using a UV-1800 UV-Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Corp. Japan). The absorbance measured for the control solution was 0.932 ± 0.10. The inhibition percentage of DPPH discoloration was measured using Equation (2).
% inhibition = [Ax − Az/Ax ∗ 100]
where Ax is the absorbance of control and Az is the absorbance of the extract/reference sample.
All the samples were investigated in triplicate.
ABTS assay: The ABTS radical cation (ABTS● +) was generated by the reaction of 7 mM ABTS (Solution “A”) and 2.4 mM potassium persulfate (Solution “B”). The working solution was prepared by mixing solution “A” and “B” in a 1:1 ratio and allowing them to stand in a dark place for 24 h at 37 °C. After 24 h, the negative control was prepared by mixing 1 mL of ABTS+ solution with 0.50 mL of double distilled water to achieve an absorbance of above 0.700 ± 0.07 at 734 nm using a UV-visible spectrophotometer while BHA has been used as a positive control. Percentage results of the scavenging activity were calculated as a % inhibition by using Equation (2) above.
IC50 values (concentration or log concentration on the x-axis and their relative percentage inhibition on the y-axis) were obtained from experimental DPPH and ABTS assays.

2.5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) Analysis of C. sativus L. Petals Extracts

The FTIR analyses of all extracts were carried out on a Cary 630 FTIR Spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies, USA) equipped with MicroLab software. The spectra have been documented at wavelengths between 4000 and 600 cm−1, with a resolution of 8 cm−1. The spectra collected for the extracts were analyzed in a graph for the characteristics of the infrared absorption frequencies of the functional groups.

2.6. Antimicrobial Activity

All three extracts of C. sativus L. petals were evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and the fungi strain Candida albicans (NCPF-3179). All the procedure was performed according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) using Muller Hinton agar as medium [31]. All the stock solutions of the extracts examined were prepared at a final concentration of 1% DMSO and measured at a concentration of 500 µg/mL, 250 µg/mL, 125 µg/mL, 62.5 µg/mL, 31.25 µg/mL, 15.63 µg/mL for all extracts. Gentamicin and Fluconazole were used as reference drugs. The agar well plate was bored and each extract was introduced in to each well of different concentrations. After the incubation of the agar plates (37 °C for 24 h), the diameter of each zone of inhibition was measured. All tests have been performed in triplicate and the results obtained from the replicas were coincident.

2.7. Antidiabetic Study

The antidiabetic study was conducted using an alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay whereas Acarbose was used as the standard drug [32].

2.8. Cytotoxic Activity

The cytotoxicity activity was performed as described earlier by Yusra et al. [33]. The cells were seeded at a density of 5000 cells/well in 96-well plates. After 24 h, the cells were incubated either alone or with a two-fold serial dilution of SPH, SPD and SPE starting at the highest concentration at 150 μg/mL at 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. Then 20 μL of MTT solution was transferred to each well and mixed. After 4 h, the supernatants were separated and 100μL of DMSO was transferred for each well to dissolve the precipitate. Cell viability was calculated using a CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega Corporation, Madison, USA) based on ATP quantification, which indicates the presence of metabolically active cells.
The percentage of cell viability was calculated on the basis of the absorption ratio between the cell culture treated with SPH, SPD and SPE and the untreated control multiplied by 100 represents cell viability (percentage of control, percent). Cytotoxicity (IC50) was quantified as the ratio of normal cells to cancer cells (MDA-MB-231).

3. Statistical Analysis

The data obtained were analyzed using Duncan’s multiple range tests. The mean results are shown with their standard deviation. Statistical significance between treatments was described as p < 0.05 for all tests.

4. Results

4.1. Extraction Yield:

The extraction yields of the C. sativus L petals were SPH 1.54%, SPD 1.89% and SPE extracts 3.02% respectively. The maximum extraction yield was achieved using SPE and least was observed in SPH.

4.2. Estimation of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)

As the findings are shown in the Table 1. The maximum total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were reported in SPE (83.98 ± 1.30 mg GAE/g and 67.93 ± 1.17 μg QE/g) followed by SPD (59.23 ± 1.25 mg GAE/g and 49.84 ± 1.15 μg QE/g) and least in SPH (45.73 ± 0.72 mg GAE/g and 32.23 ± 0.92 μg QE/g).

4.3. In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity

In the DPPH assay, the absorbance was found to decreases with the increase in concentration of all extracts. The least radical scavenging activity was found in SPH followed by SPD, while SPE displayed the strongest inhibition at the lowest IC50 values at a concentration of 25 μg/mL as shown in Table 2. Whereas in ABTS assay, all the extracts exhibit strong scavenging activity, the sequence of the scavenging activities of all extracts were SPH < SPD < SPE at a concentration of 25 μg/mL as shown in Table 2.

4.4. Identified Functional Groups in the Extracts

Figure 1a represents the FTIR spectrum of SPH exhibited intense bands at 2917.581 cm−1 (C-H and CH2 vibration of aliphatic hydrocarbons), 2849.759 cm−1 (C-H stretching of aldehyde), 1707.975 cm−1 (C=O stretching), 1459 cm−1 (C-H bending), 1375.517 cm−1 (C–O stretching of the ester group), 1247.675 cm−1 (C-O stretching ester) and 1034.127 cm−1 (O-H deformation).
Figure 1b the FTIR spectrum of SPD displayed broad bands at 3368.152 cm−1 confirms the presence of phenolic group, 2918.437 cm−1 (attributed to the C–H and CH2 vibration of aliphatic hydrocarbons), 2850.312 cm−1 (C-H stretching of aldehyde), 1764.563 cm−1 (C=O stretching carboxylic acid), 1735.784 cm−1 (C=O stretching α, β-unsaturated ester), 1169.820 cm−1 (C-O stretching tertiary alcohol) and 1084.176 cm−1 (C-O stretching primary alcohol).
Figure 1c the FTIR spectrum of SPE revealed broad bands at 3280.340 cm−1 confirms the presence of OH group, 2923.401 cm−1 (attributed to the C–H and CH2 vibration of aliphatic hydrocarbons), 1700.52 cm−1 (C=O stretching carboxylic acid), 1625.53 cm−1 (C=C stretching α, β-unsaturated ketone), 1334.614 cm−1 (C-O stretching aromatic ester) and 1222.321 cm−1 (C-O stretching ester).

4.5. Antimicrobial Activity

Antimicrobial activity of various extracts was investigated using agar well plate method against pathogens. A sequential dilution technique was used in this study the antimicrobial activity of extracts of C. sativus L. Findings suggest that SPH showed poor inhibitory effects on most of the bacteria and fungi examined, the minimum (or minimal) inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extracts against all the microorganisms tested were higher than 500 µg/mL. However, strong antimicrobial activity was observed in SPE followed by SPD; the MIC values were lower than 15.63 μg/mL Table 3.

4.6. Antidiabetic Study

The α-glucosidase inhibition of SPH, SPD and SPE of C. sativus L. petals are given in Figure 2. All the extracts revealed dose dependent α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 value 89.94 ± 1.09, 63.32 ± 0.89 and 31.83 ± 1.39 respectively. The IC50 value of Acarbose used as standard was found to be 19.83 ± 0.89.

4.7. Cytotoxic Activity

The MTT cell viability assay was used to determine the cytotoxic activity of C. sativus L. petals extracts in MDA-MB-231 cell lines. In summary, an increase in dose-dependent inhibition rate was observed in extract-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. SPE had the highest inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cells, followed by SPD, and the lowest cytotoxicity was SPH (p < 0.05). The cytotoxic effects presented as IC50 values are shown in Table 4. When the incubation time was 24 h, SPE had the lowest IC50 value (35.12 ± 1.56 mg/mL), followed by SPD (71.29 ± 0.87 mg/mL) and SPH 110.56 ± 1.67 mg/mL) (p < 0.05). Once the time was extended from 24 h to 48 h, the inhibition rate for all extracts increased considerably, whereas the inhibition rate dropped marginally while the duration was increased again to 72 h.

5. Discussion

C. sativus L. is an important medicinal food plant which is widely cultivated in different parts of the globe for nutritional and economic purposes [34]. Literature survey revealed that different solvent extracts and isolated compounds of C. sativus L. stigma and corm have demonstrated various pharmacological effects. However, very less research has been done on the petals [35]. As a result, three different extracts were derived from the petals of C. sativus L in the current study and they have all been evaluated for their biological activity, i.e., antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activity.
Flavonoids are a category of natural compounds with different phenolic structures that are present in plants, are essential due to various their capacity to act as antioxidants [36,37]. Phenolic compounds are present widely in the kingdom of flora and are reported to be strong antioxidant [38]. Recent studies have shown that phenolic compositions have a possible protective role against oxidative ailments [39]. Phenolic compounds will transfer hydrogen to free radicals to avoid the lipid oxidation chain reaction at the initial stage. The capacity of phenolic compounds to scavenge radicals is due to the effects of their phenolic hydroxyl groups [40,41]. The total phenolic and flavonoid content observed in our study are compatible with Shoib et al., which showed that the C. sativus stigma possessed higher phenolic, flavonoid content and consequently higher antioxidant activity as compared to C. sativus petals [42].
Many earlier reports have showed significant correlation among total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. In this analysis, we used the DPPH and ABTS assay simply to verify that the extracts demonstrate antioxidant activity, and in future detailed studies. DPPH and ABTS assays have been the most specific tests used to assess the radical scavenging potential of different compounds because it has the ability to donate hydrogen to free radicals. The mechanism behind it’s radical scavenging properties is due to a combination of flavonoids and phenolic acids, most of which are weak in nature, and thus act as competent electron donors capable of reacting with O2 – depends entirely on the substitution in the phenolic ring. Our results are in line with the earlier report by Iliass et al., C. sativus petals exhibits less antioxidant activity than stigma but higher than corm with a rise in the concentration of the extract [43]. From the FTIR spectroscopic analysis of C. sativus, the presence of flavonoid, phenolic, esters, aromatic and aliphatic peaks were found in all extracts, whereas in SPE the flavonoid and phenolic presence is more than SPD and SPE [44].
Similar results have been documented in earlier studies of antimicrobial effects of different extracts/fraction of C. sativus [26,45,46]. Petal extracts were found to be more effective at the lowest concentration against pathogenic bacterial strains. Both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus have been inhibited at the lowest inhibitory concentration of 15.63 μg/mL. Nevertheless, the extracts of petals were not very effective in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and C. albicans at a lower concentration. This variance in antimicrobial activity of extracts of saffron petals between the studies may possibly be due to the variation in phenolic composition and concentrations in the extracts used [26,47]. The results of the study provide evidence of C. sativus petals may be a possible source of potential antimicrobial agents [48]. Our results are similar to the earlier study, in which authors noticed a rise in antimicrobial activity of C. sativus extracts with increase in concentrations [49]. The results also revealed that there is very week antimicrobial activity against low polar solvents. In other study, the high polar solvents like alcohol showed significant antimicrobial effects against different bacteria and fungi [50]. Our results are consistent with the previous study conducted by Gandomi et al. which indicated that aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of saffron petal had increased antimicrobial activity against S. aureus in comparison to E. coli. The higher sensitivity for S. Aureus may be due to the arrangement of the cell wall and the outer membrane [51]. The antimicrobial effects of some of the active ingredients of C. sativus, such as quercetin, rutin and morin have been reported [52]. Previously also we had performed the analysis of saffron petals by using LC-ESI-Q-TOFMS technique and results confirm the presence of various flavonoids like quercetin, rutin, fisetin and morin [47].
α-glucosidase is a crucial carbohydrate digestion enzyme found in the brush-border interface membrane of intestinal cells that decreases postprandial glucose by reducing glucose uptake, which is also a form of treatment and maintenance of diabetes. Glucosidase inhibitors inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase enzymes throughout the small intestine, that restrict the translation of carbohydrate for gastrointestinal absorption. Several natural compounds, particularly polyphenols, have been published to have α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. SPE had the highest flavonoid and phenolic content followed by SPD and SPH was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau method. Polyphenolic derivatives found in plant extracts of flavonoids, terpenes have been shown to suppress most of the enzyme α–glucosidase, this is thought to be due to the structural similarity between these compounds and the bonds found in natural substrates [53,54].
Research from around the world have shown that polyphenols contained in medicinal plants suppress cell growth and induce apoptosis, thus slowing the growth of numerous cancer cells [55]. Few cell line studies have proven the anti-cancer capabilities of C. sativus petals. Safran and crocetin have been reported to induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cells through p53-mediated stimulation of apoptosis [56]. Cell viability tests was performed on the MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines to determine the relative toxicity of the extracts [57]. Our results are in line with the previous study and found SPE toxicity was to be active and higher against MDA-MB-231, with cell viability declining with steadily increasing concentration.

6. Conclusions

The findings of the current investigation concluded significant differences in in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and cytotoxic effects of various solvent extracts of C. sativus petals. More research should be conducted to identify new compounds and ascertain which are responsible for these biological activates and to study their impact in animal models.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.F.W. and M.U.R.; data curation, A.F.W., M.U.R.; formal analysis, H.A.A.A., H.K.H., B.K.H., G.A.M.; funding acquisition, A.F.W. and P.A.; investigation, A.F.W., M.U.R. and U.Z.; methodology, A.F.W., G.A.M.; project administration, A.F.W., M.U.R. and P.A.; resources, software, M.U.R., U.Z.; supervision, M.U.R. and A.F.W.; validation, A.F.W., P.A.; writing—original draft, A.F.W., M.U.R.; writing—review and editing, M.U.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

RSP-2019/116 and RAKMHSU-REC-064-2018-UG-P.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to present their gratitude to RAKMHSU for support on this research project RAKMHSU-REC-064-2018-UG-P. The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP-2019/116), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

SPHSaffron petals hexane extract
SPDSaffron petals dichloromethane extract
SPESaffron petals ethanol extract
TPCphenolic content
TFCTotal flavonoid content
GAE/gGallic acid equivalent per gram
QE/gQuercetin equivalent per gram
DPPH2, 2-diphenyl-1-picry1hydrazy1
ABTS(2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
BHAButylated hydroxyanisole.
R2Regression
IC50Half maximal inhibitory concentration
FTIRFourier transform infrared spectrometry
ATCCAmerican Type Culture Collection
NCPFNational Collection of Pathogenic Fungi
NCCLSNational Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
DMSODimethyl sulfoxide
µg/mLmicrogram/mL
°CCelsius
MTT3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
MDA-MB-231Triple negative breast cancer cell line
LC-ESI-Q-TOFMSLiquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry

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Applsci 10 01519 g001 550
Figure 1. FTIR spectrum of C. sativus L petals extracts (a) SPH; (b) SPD and (c).
Figure 1. FTIR spectrum of C. sativus L petals extracts (a) SPH; (b) SPD and (c).
Applsci 10 01519 g001
Applsci 10 01519 g002 550
Figure 2. Bars demonstrate inhibition of α-glucosidase by 5 mg/mL of crude C sativus L. petal extract in n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol. Acarbose (1 mg/mL) has been used as a standard drug. The bars are the mean ± standard deviation of three observations. The bars of different alphabets are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 2. Bars demonstrate inhibition of α-glucosidase by 5 mg/mL of crude C sativus L. petal extract in n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol. Acarbose (1 mg/mL) has been used as a standard drug. The bars are the mean ± standard deviation of three observations. The bars of different alphabets are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Applsci 10 01519 g002
Table
Table 1. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of different solvent extracts of C. sativus L petals.
Table 1. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of different solvent extracts of C. sativus L petals.
AssayHexane (SPH)R2Dichloromethane (SPD)R2Ethanol (SPE)R2
Total phenolic content
(mg GAE a/g of extract)		45.73 ± 0.720.97059.23 ± 1.250.98983.98 ± 1.300.999
Total flavonoids content
(μg QE b/g of extract)		32.23 ± 0.920.99949.84 ± 1.150.97867.93 ± 1.170.988
a: Total phenolics content is expressed in terms of gallic acid equivalent (mg of GAE/g);.b: Total flavonoids content is expressed in terms of quercetin equivalent (μg of QE/g). Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).
Table
Table 2. Antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of C. sativus L petals with DPPH and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays.
Table 2. Antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of C. sativus L petals with DPPH and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays.
AssaySPH
IC50 (μg/mL)		R2SPD
IC50 (μg/mL)		R2SPE
IC50 (μg/mL)		R2BHA
IC50 (μg/mL)		R2
DPPH129.54 ± 5.920.952102.01 ± 4.210.96186.63 ± 7.530.95370.32 ± 4.190.965
ABTS156.28 ± 6.300.936126.02 ± 5.280.986101.32 ± 6.830.96385.84 ± 6.970.929
All values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).
Table
Table 3. Minimum (or minimal) inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts against various microbes.
Table 3. Minimum (or minimal) inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts against various microbes.
ExtractsConc. µg/mLGrowth Inhibition Zone (mm)
Gram-Positive BacteriaGram-Negative BacteriaFungi
S. aureusP. aeruginosaE. coliC. albicans
SPH50010.6 ± 0.9012.8 ± 0.645.7 ± 0.492.6 ± 0.36
2508.9 ± 0.6710.2 ± −0.881.8 ± 0.930 ± 00
1256.1 ± 0.837.9 ± 0.960 ± 000 ± 00
62.53.7 ± 0.705.3 ± 0.930 ± 000 ± 00
31.250 ± 000 ± 000 ± 000 ± 00
15.630 ± 000 ± 000 ± 000 ± 00
SPD50015.4 ± 0.5413.3 ± 0.906.5 ± 0.695.4 ± 0.65
25013.8 ± 0.9810.7 ± 0.673.0 ± 0.351.9 ± 0.90
12510.5 ± 0.777.8 ± 0.830 ± 000 ± 00
62.58.9 ± 0.344.5 ± 0.700 ± 000 ± 00
31.255.3 ± 0.802.4 ± 0.800 ± 000 ± 00
15.630 ± 000 ± 000 ± 000 ± 00
SPE50018.2 ± 0.9814.8 ± 0.649.7 ± 0.908.7 ± 0.54
25016.5 ± 0.5311.2 ± −0.887.4 ± 0.643.6 ± 0.78
12512.2± 0.899.3 ± 0.962.0 ± 0.900 ± 00
62.511.5± 0.437.9 ± 0.930 ± 000 ± 00
31.2510.8± 0.484.6 ± 0.670 ± 000 ± 00
15.638.3 ± 0.772.0 ± 0.740 ± 000 ± 00
Gentamicin1022.19 ± 0.5516.56 ± 0.6012.43 ± 0.89−
Fluconazole10−−−11.3 ± 0.54
Data are means of three replicates (n = 3) ± standard error.
Table
Table 4. In vitro growth inhibitory activity (IC50 mg/mL) of extracts of on MDA-MB-231 cell lines after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of exposure.
Table 4. In vitro growth inhibitory activity (IC50 mg/mL) of extracts of on MDA-MB-231 cell lines after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of exposure.
ExtractsIC50 (mg/mL)
24 h48 h72 h
SPH110.56 ± 1.67 @56.65 ± 1.22 @39.12 ± 1.45 @
SPD71.29 ± 0.87 *40.43 ± 1.02 *22.64 ± 1.33 *
SPE35.12 ± 1.56 #19.35 ± 1.54 #12.98 ± 2.53 #
Mean values with different signs within the same column are statistically different (n = 3; # < 0.05; @ p < 0.01, * p < 0.001 vs. control, Duncan’s multiple range tests).

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Wali, A.F.; Alchamat, H.A.A.; Hariri, H.K.; Hariri, B.K.; Menezes, G.A.; Zehra, U.; Rehman, M.U.; Ahmad, P. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic and Cytotoxic Activity of Crocus sativus L. Petals. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1519. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10041519

AMA Style

Wali AF, Alchamat HAA, Hariri HK, Hariri BK, Menezes GA, Zehra U, Rehman MU, Ahmad P. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic and Cytotoxic Activity of Crocus sativus L. Petals. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(4):1519. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10041519

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Wali, Adil Farooq, Houda Ahmed Abou Alchamat, Huda Khaled Hariri, Bushra Khaled Hariri, Godfred A. Menezes, Uzma Zehra, Muneeb U. Rehman, and Parvaiz Ahmad. 2020. "Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic and Cytotoxic Activity of Crocus sativus L. Petals" Applied Sciences 10, no. 4: 1519. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10041519

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