Case Study of Power Plants in the Slovak Republic and Construction of Microgrid and Smart Grid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Literature Overview
2. Current Situation in Slovakia
3. Microgrid
- On-grid microgrid obtains a battery-free system that is connected to the public power grid. Any excess solar energy they produce is provided in the power grid. The primary disadvantage of this structure is that they fail to operate during a blackout [26].
- Off-grid microgrids typically provide power for remote villages, industrial operations, and military bases. These usually have a very high cost of generation as they are totally dependent on diesel fuel and may face logistical challenges in fuel delivery. We can also use photovoltaic panels with battery systems, but in this case, we have certain performance limitations [26].
- Hybrid microgrids can be disconnected from the grid to operate autonomously, ensuring continuity of power supply in the case of an outage. This approach is common in locations where the grid can be unreliable, such as storm-prone or mountainous areas. As shown in Figure 6 system takes advantage of both previous systems.
Examples of Application of Microgrid Systems
4. Modeling RES in MATLAB/Simulink
4.1. Model of Photovoltaic Station
4.2. Model of Diesel Generator
4.3. Model of Battery Energy Storage System
4.4. Model of Thermal Power Plant
4.5. Model of Hydropower Plant
4.6. Modeled Scheme of Simulink
5. Simulation Results
5.1. Model of Photovoltaic Station
5.2. Model of Diesel Generator
5.3. Model of Battery Energy Storage System
5.4. Model of Thermal Power Plant
5.5. Model of Hydropower Plant
6. Analysis of Results and Design of a Protected System
6.1. Analysis of Results of Testing Models
Microgrid Model
6.2. Design of a Protection System
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Energy Source | Western Slovakia | Middle Slovakia | Eastern Slovakia |
---|---|---|---|
Nuclear | 1950 MW | 0 MW | 0 MW |
Hydro | 1166.2 MW | 1289.98 MW | 111.19 MW |
Hard coal | 0 MW | 0 MW | 220 MW |
Lignite | 220 MW | 81.77 MW | 0 MW |
Natural gas | 903.3 MW | 18.9 MW | 170.5 MW |
Oil | 45.9 MW | 32 MW | 0.72 MW |
Mix fuels | 46 MW | 35 MW | 320.5 MW |
Solar | 130.39 MW | 231.32 MW | 128.54 MW |
Biomass | 43.67 MW | 56.78 MW | 52.39 MW |
Biofuel | 44.41 MW | 33.65 MW | 24.82 MW |
Wind | 3.14 MW | 0 MW | 0 MW |
Other RES | 4.66 MW | 0 MW | 0 MW |
Other | 6.3 MW | 0 MW | 6 MW |
Total | 4563.46 MW | 1779.39 MW | 1034.66 MW |
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Štefko, R.; Čonka, Z.; Kolcun, M. Case Study of Power Plants in the Slovak Republic and Construction of Microgrid and Smart Grid. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5252. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11115252
Štefko R, Čonka Z, Kolcun M. Case Study of Power Plants in the Slovak Republic and Construction of Microgrid and Smart Grid. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):5252. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11115252
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠtefko, Róbert, Zsolt Čonka, and Michal Kolcun. 2021. "Case Study of Power Plants in the Slovak Republic and Construction of Microgrid and Smart Grid" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 5252. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11115252