Metabolomics of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Analytical Methods and Metabolome-Based Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biochemistry of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids
2.1. Chlorophylls
2.2. Carotenoids
3. The Praxis of Metabolomics: Essential Steps and Challenges for the Experimental Design
3.1. Material Preparation and Extraction Protocols
3.2. Technologies: Instrumental Techniques for the Acquisition of Spectroscopic and Spectrometric Data
3.3. Application of Different Approaches to Pigment Metabolomics
Raw Material | Extraction Solvent | Instrumental Techniques | Strategy for Metabolomic Study | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. thaliana | MeOH:H2O (8:2) | LC/ESI-TOF | Metabolite profiling based on isotope labeling-assisted elemental composition | [86] |
A. thaliana | MeOH:MTBE:H2O (1:3:1) and subsequent separation with MeOH:H2O (1:3) | Multiplatform approach (UPLC-FT-MS and MS/MS, GC-MS, nUPLC-QTOF-MS, and MS/MS) | Metabolite profiling based on isotope labeling-assisted elemental composition | [87] |
Olive oil, canned green vegetables | N,N-dimethylformamide | LC/APCI-ESI/hr-QTOF-MS | Metabolite profiling based on isotopic pattern | [88] |
Microalgae | EtOH:hexane (2:1) and H2O:hexane 1:2 | UPLC-UV-TWIM-MS | Untargeted metabolomics | [82] |
Lemon (Citrus lemon L.) | Acetone | LC/ESI/hr-QTOF-MS | Targeted metabolomics | [89] |
A. thaliana | Ethanol | UPLC/TOF-MS | Targeted metabolomics | [92] |
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) | Methanol:acetonitrile:water (4:4:2) | Multiplatform approach (GC-MS, GC-QTOF-MS, LC-MS, and LC-QTOF-MS) | Targeted and untargeted metabolomics | [93] |
Tamarillo fruits (Solanum betaceum) | CO2:MeOH (95:5 or 90:10) | SFE-SFC-MS | Untargeted metabolomics | [96] |
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) | MeOH followed by hexane:acetone (1:1) | LC-APCI-QTOF-MS | Metabolite profiling | [97] |
A. thaliana | Chloroform:MeOH:H2O (2:6:2) and derivatization with methoxyamine hydrochloride and N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide | GC-TOF/MS | Metabolite profiling | [98] |
S. lycopersicum L. | MeOH or MeOH:H2O (75:25) | LC-QTOF-MS and LC-PDA-FD | Metabolite profiling | [99] |
Zea mays | MeOH and dH2O with ribitol; derivatization with methoxyamine, N,Obis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, and trimethylchlorosilane | GC-TOF-MS and spectrophotometry | Metabolite profiling | [100] |
S. lycopersicum L. | MeOH and dH2O with ribitol; derivatization with methoxyamine, N,Obis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, and trimethylchlorosilane | GC-TOF-MS and LC-PDA | Metabolite profiling | [101] |
Cucumis melo L. | Hexane:acetone:ethanol (50:25:25) | LC-PDA | Metabolite profiling | [102] |
Daucus carota, Brassica oleracea, S. lycopersicum L. | MeOH:chloroform:Tris-buffer (1.25:1:1.25, 50 mM, pH 7.5) | LC-PDA, LC-PDA-QTOF-MS, GC-MS, and 1H-NMR | Targeted and untargeted metabolomics | [71] |
Cuminum cyminum L. | N,N-dimethylformamide; trichloroacetic acid; chloroform:MeOH:phosphate buffer (1:2:0.9, pH 7.5) | Multiplatform approach (spectrophotometry, LC-PDA, LC-MS, and GC-MS) | Metabolite profiling | [103] |
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) | MeOH:H2O (87.5:12.5) | LC-ESI-QTOF-MS | Metabolite profiling | [104] |
4. Metabolome-Based Studies of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids
4.1. Application in Abiotic Factors Studies
4.2. Application in Biotic Factor Studies
4.3. Application in Physiologic and Molecular Biology Studies
4.4. Application in Human Health (Health Status, Cancer, Hypertension, and Digestive Efficiency) Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Roca, M.; Pérez-Gálvez, A. Metabolomics of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Analytical Methods and Metabolome-Based Studies. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1622. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10101622
Roca M, Pérez-Gálvez A. Metabolomics of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Analytical Methods and Metabolome-Based Studies. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(10):1622. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10101622
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoca, María, and Antonio Pérez-Gálvez. 2021. "Metabolomics of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Analytical Methods and Metabolome-Based Studies" Antioxidants 10, no. 10: 1622. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10101622