Gut Microbiota and Risk of Persistent Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population and Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. NAFLD and Group Definition
2.4. DNA Extraction from Fecal Samples and Sequencing of the Bacterial 16S Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Gene
2.5. 16S rRNA Gene Compositional Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics of the Subjects
3.2. Overall Structure of the Fecal Bacterial Communities among NAFLD Groups: Alpha and Beta Diversity
3.3. Altered Gut Microbial Composition According to NAFLD Status
3.4. Predicted Functional Microbiota in NAFLD Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Overall | Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Status | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
None (G0) | Developed (G1) | Regressed (G2) | Persistent (G3) | ||
Number | 766 | 453 | 40 | 35 | 238 |
Age (years) a | 44.9 (8.1) | 44.2 (8.1) | 45.1 (8.7) | 44.9 (6.3) | 46.2 (7.9) |
Male (%) | 61.2 | 49.7 | 67.5 | 77.1 | 79.8 |
Current smoker (%) | 18.9 | 14.5 | 28.2 | 41.2 | 22.3 |
Alcohol intake (%) b | 30.8 | 26.7 | 30.8 | 42.9 | 36.6 |
HEPA (%) | 20.8 | 24.5 | 20.0 | 14.3 | 14.7 |
High education level (%) c | 86.8 | 86.7 | 82.1 | 90.9 | 87.1 |
Diabetes (%) | 4.6 | 2.4 | 7.5 | 0 | 8.8 |
Prediabetes (%) d | 21.5 | 12.8 | 25.0 | 22.9 | 37.4 |
Hypertension (%) | 12.1 | 6.2 | 2.5 | 14.3 | 24.8 |
Metabolic syndrome (%) e | 15.1 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 11.1 | 31.1 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 (3.0) | 22.0 (2.4) | 23.4 (2.2) | 24.5 (2.6) | 25.9 (2.7) |
Waist circumference (cm) a | 81.7 (8.7) | 77.6 (7.2) | 82.5 (5.5) | 84.2 (6.5) | 89.2 (6.8) |
Systolic BP (mmHg) a | 108.6 (13.3) | 104.8 (12.1) | 108.0 (11.9) | 113.3 (11.0) | 115.2 (13.3) |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) a | 70.3 (10.1) | 67.6 (9.1) | 70.8 (8.9) | 74.1 (9.7) | 74.7 (10.5) |
Glucose (mg/dL) a | 95.1 (15.6) | 91.9 (10.7) | 96.7 (17.2) | 95.6 (7.6) | 100.8 (21.4) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) a | 196.7 (32.9) | 191.0 (29.9) | 205.7 (41.8) | 206.1 (30.5) | 204.6 (35.0) |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) a | 119.3 (29.6) | 112.7 (26.2) | 127.8 (35.7) | 127.6 (27.4) | 129.2 (31.6) |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) f | 96 (72–143) | 81 (62–107) | 116 (84–163) | 115 (83–150) | 140 (96–189) |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) a | 57.0 (14.3) | 61.7 (14.0) | 54.7 (12.6) | 55.8 (10.7) | 48.8 (11.6) |
Fibrosis-4 score a, g | 0.89 (0.35) | 0.91 (0.36) | 0.88 (0.29) | 0.79 (0.25) | 0.87 (0.33) |
All groups (G0, G1, G2, and G3) | W b (Coefficients c) from the Pairwise Groups | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa Level a | Taxonomic Assignment | W b | G0 vs. G1 | G0 vs. G2 | G0 vs. G3 | G1 vs. G2 | G1 vs. G3 | G2 vs. G3 |
Phylum | p_Fusobacteria | 13 | 0 | 0 | 13 (0.013 *) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
p_Tenericutes | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 (−0.006 *) | 0 | 9 (−0.009) | 0 | |
Class | p_Fusobacteria; c_Fusobacteriia | 27 | 0 | 0 | 27 (0.013 *) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
p_Tenericutes; c_Mollicutes | 24 | 0 | 0 | 27 (−0.006 *) | 0 | 21 (−0.009) | 0 | |
Order | p_Fusobacteria; c_Fusobacteriia; o_Fusobacteriales | 43 | 0 | 0 | 43 (0.013 *) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
p_Tenericutes; c_Mollicutes; o_RF39 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 42 (−0.007 *) | 0 | 35 (−0.009) | 0 | |
Family | p_Fusobacteria; c_Fusobacteriia; o_Fusobacteriales; f_Fusobacteriaceae | 75 | 0 | 0 | 76 (0.013 *) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Christensenellaceae | 71 | 0 | 56 (−0.008 *) | 69 (−0.006 **) | 60 (−0.011 *) | 65 (−0.008 *) | 0 | |
p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae | 67 | 0 | 0 | 71 (−0.017) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Odoribacteraceae | 67 | 0 | 0 | 69 (−0.006 *) | 0 | 44 (−0.013 *) | 0 | |
p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Porphyromonadaceae | 61 | 0 | 0 | 68 (−0.009) | 0 | 44 (−0.018) | 0 | |
Genus | p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae;g_Oscillospira | 199 | 0 | 0 | 205 (−0.019 *) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Odoribacteraceae; g_Odoribacter | 195 | 0 | 0 | 200 (−0.010 **) | 0 | 168 (−0.013 *) | 0 | |
p_Fusobacteria; c_Fusobacteriia; o_Fusobacteriales; f_Fusobacteriaceae; g_Fusobacterium | 193 | 0 | 0 | 196 (−0.011) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; g_Ruminococcus | 190 | 0 | 0 | 200 (−0.010) | 0 | 164 (−0.023) | 0 | |
p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Porphyromonadaceae; g_Parabacteroides | 179 | 0 | 0 | 189 (−0.009) | 0 | 153 (−0.018) | 0 | |
p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; g_Coprococcus | 170 | 0 | 0 | 186 (−0.016 *) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Species | p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; g_Coprococcus;s_eutactus | 288 | 0 | 276 (−0.026 **) | 290 (−0.016 **) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; g_Bacteroides;s_coprophilus | 274 | 251 (0.036 *) | 0 | 21 (0.012) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Kim, H.-N.; Joo, E.-J.; Cheong, H.S.; Kim, Y.; Kim, H.-L.; Shin, H.; Chang, Y.; Ryu, S. Gut Microbiota and Risk of Persistent Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1089. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8081089
Kim H-N, Joo E-J, Cheong HS, Kim Y, Kim H-L, Shin H, Chang Y, Ryu S. Gut Microbiota and Risk of Persistent Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(8):1089. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8081089
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Han-Na, Eun-Jeong Joo, Hae Suk Cheong, Yejin Kim, Hyung-Lae Kim, Hocheol Shin, Yoosoo Chang, and Seungho Ryu. 2019. "Gut Microbiota and Risk of Persistent Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8: 1089. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8081089