Global Wind and Wave Climate Based on Two Reanalysis Databases: ECMWF ERA5 and NCEP CFSR
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Data Used
2.2. Statistical Analysis Procedure
2.2.1. Seasonal Analysis
2.2.2. Probability Analysis
2.2.3. Error Analysis
3. Numerical Results
3.1. Seasonal Analysis
3.2. Probability Analysis
3.3. Error Analysis
4. Concluding Remarks
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Gulev, S.K.; Grigorieva, V. Variability of the Winter Wind Waves and Swell in the North Atlantic and North Pacific as Revealed by the Voluntary Observing Ship Data. J. Clim. 2006, 19, 5667–5685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lefèvre, J.M.; Cotton, P.D. Ocean surface waves. In Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences; Fu, L.-L., Cazenave, A., Eds.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2001; Chapter 7; pp. 305–328. [Google Scholar]
- Young, I.R.; Zieger, S.; Babanin, A.V. Global Trends in Wind Speed and Wave Height. Science 2011, 332, 451–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The WAMDI Group. The WAM model-A third generation ocean wave prediction model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1988, 18, 1775–1810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tolman, H.L.; Balasubramaniyan, B.; Burroughs, L.D.; Chalikov, D.V.; Chao, Y.Y.; Chen, H.S.; Gerald, V.M. Development and Implementation of Wind-Generated Ocean Surface Wave Models at NCEP. Weather Forecast. 2002, 17, 311–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stopa, J.E. Wind forcing calibration and wave hindcast comparison using multiple reanalysis and merged satellite wind datasets. Ocean Model. 2018, 127, 55–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sterl, A.; Caires, S. Climatology, Variability and Extrema of Ocean Waves: The Web-based KNMI/ERA-40 Wave Atlas. Int. J. Climatol. 2005, 25, 963–977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rascle, N.; Ardhuin, F. A global wave parameter database for geophysical applications. Part 2: Model validation with improved source term parameterization. Ocean Model. 2013, 70, 174–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cox, A.T.; Swail, V.R. A global wave hindcast over the period 1958–1997: Validation and climate assessment. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. 2001, 106, 2313–2329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chawla, A.; Spindler, D.M.; Tolman, H.L. Validation of a thirty year wave hindcast using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis winds. Ocean Model. 2013, 70, 189–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guedes Soares, C.; Weisse, R.; Carretero, J.C.; Alvarez, E. A 40 Year Hindcast of Wind, Sea Level and Waves in European Waters. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE’2002, Oslo, Norway, 23–28 June 2002; pp. 669–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reguero, B.G.; Menéndez, M.; Méndez, F.J.; Mínguez, R.; Losada, I.J. A Global Ocean Wave (GOW) calibrated reanalysis from 1948 onwards. Coast. Eng. 2012, 65, 38–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perez, J.; Menendez, M.; Losada, I.J. GOW2: A global wave hindcast for coastal applications. Coast. Eng. 2017, 124, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caires, S.; Sterl, A.; Bidlot, J.R.; Graham, N.; Swail, V. Intercomparison of different wind wave reanalyses. J. Clim. 2004, 17, 1893–1913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Semedo, A.; Sušelj, K.; Rutgersson, A.; Sterl, A. A Global View on the Wind Sea and Swell Climate and Variability from ERA-40. J. Clim. 2011, 24, 1461–1479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stopa, J.E.; Cheung, K.F.; Tolman, H.L.; Chawla, A. Patterns and cycles in the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis wind and wave data. Ocean Model. 2013, 70, 207–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stopa, J.E.; Cheung, K.F. Intercomparison of wind and wave data from the ECMWF Reanalysis Interim and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Ocean Model. 2014, 75, 65–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campos, R.M.; Guedes Soares, C. Comparison and assessment of three wave hindcasts in the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Oper. Oceanogr. 2016, 9, 26–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hersbach, H.; Bell, B.; Berrisford, P.; Hirahara, S.; Horányi, A.; Muñoz-Sabater, J.; Nicolas, J.; Peubey, C.; Radu, R.; Schepers, D.; et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2020, 146, 1999–2049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stefanakos, C. Intercomparison of Wave Reanalysis based on ERA5 and WW3 Databases. In Proceedings of the 29th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE’2019, Honolulu, HI, USA, 16–21 June 2019; pp. 2506–2512. [Google Scholar]
- Tolman, H. A Third-Generation Model for Wind Waves on Slowly Varying, Unsteady, and Inhomogeneous Depths and Currents. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1991, 21, 782–797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Queffeulou, P.; Croizé-Fillon, D. Global altimeter SWH data set. In Technical Report, Laboratoire d’ Océanographie Physique et Spatiale; IFREMER: Plouzané, France, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Alves, J.H.G. Numerical modeling of ocean swell contributions to the global wind-wave climate. Ocean Model. 2006, 11, 98–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hemer, M.A.; Trenham, C.E. Evaluation of a CMIP5 derived dynamical global wind wave climate model ensemble. Ocean Model. 2016, 103, 190–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stefanakos, C.; Athanassoulis, G.; Barstow, S. Time series modeling of significant wave height in multiple scales, combining various sources of data. J. Geophys. Res. Sect. Ocean. 2006, 111, 10001–10012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Athanassoulis, G.; Stefanakos, C. A nonstationary stochastic model for long-term time series of significant wave height. J. Geophys. Res. Sect. Ocean. 1995, 100, 16149–16162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stefanakos, C.; Schinas, O. Forecasting bunker prices; A nonstationary, multivariate methodology. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 2014, 38, 177–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, H. Evaluation of altimeter undersampling in estimating global wind and wave climate using virtual observation. Remote Sens. Environ. 2020, 245, 111840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, I. An intercomparison of GEOSAT, TOPEX and ERS1 measurements of wind speed and wave height. Ocean Eng. 1999, 26, 67–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Izaguirre, C.; Méndez, F.J.; Menéndez, M.; Losada, I.J. Global extreme wave height variability based on satellite data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, K.E. Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2001, 106, 7183–7192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Month | Bias | RMSE | SI | CorrCoeff | NBias | NSTD | CRMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January | −0.12 | 0.38 | 0.17 | 0.88 | −0.04 | 1.11 | 0.49 |
February | −0.11 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.89 | −0.03 | 1.08 | 0.47 |
March | −0.10 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.90 | −0.02 | 1.09 | 0.46 |
April | −0.11 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.90 | −0.03 | 1.12 | 0.45 |
May | −0.13 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.90 | −0.03 | 1.14 | 0.46 |
June | −0.15 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.88 | −0.05 | 1.17 | 0.49 |
July | −0.13 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.87 | −0.05 | 1.18 | 0.52 |
August | −0.16 | 0.36 | 0.17 | 0.89 | −0.05 | 1.19 | 0.50 |
September | −0.12 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.89 | −0.03 | 1.13 | 0.47 |
October | −0.09 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.89 | −0.02 | 1.12 | 0.45 |
November | −0.09 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.88 | −0.02 | 1.15 | 0.46 |
December | −0.11 | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.89 | −0.04 | 1.15 | 0.48 |
Month | Bias | RMSE | SI | CorrCoeff | NBias | NSTD | CRMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January | −0.04 | 1.62 | 0.23 | 0.79 | −0.00 | 1.06 | 0.62 |
February | 0.00 | 1.58 | 0.22 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 0.61 |
March | −0.01 | 1.58 | 0.22 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 0.61 |
April | 0.05 | 1.57 | 0.22 | 0.79 | 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.60 |
May | 0.05 | 1.56 | 0.22 | 0.77 | 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.60 |
June | 0.01 | 1.54 | 0.22 | 0.78 | 0.01 | 1.02 | 0.60 |
July | 0.09 | 1.61 | 0.23 | 0.78 | 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.62 |
August | −0.00 | 1.57 | 0.22 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 0.61 |
September | 0.01 | 1.59 | 0.23 | 0.79 | 0.00 | 1.04 | 0.61 |
October | 0.04 | 1.58 | 0.22 | 0.79 | 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.60 |
November | 0.04 | 1.57 | 0.22 | 0.78 | 0.01 | 1.02 | 0.60 |
December | −0.01 | 1.58 | 0.22 | 0.79 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 0.61 |
Bias | RMSE | SI | CorrCoeff | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-S | W-S | E-S | W-S | E-S | W-S | E-S | W-S | |
ETNP | −0.19 | −0.21 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.91 | 0.90 |
ETNA | −0.44 | −0.50 | 0.68 | 0.74 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.86 | 0.84 |
TNIO | −0.08 | −0.11 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.81 | 0.80 |
TWNP | −0.13 | −0.17 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.79 | 0.79 |
TENP | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.83 | 0.79 |
TNAO | −0.09 | −0.09 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.81 | 0.80 |
TSIO | −0.07 | −0.11 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.74 | 0.74 |
TWSP | −0.13 | −0.24 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
TESP | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.54 | 0.56 |
TSAO | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.58 | 0.49 |
ETSI | −0.18 | −0.09 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.77 | 0.62 |
ETSP | −0.17 | −0.14 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.79 | 0.65 |
ETSA | −0.16 | −0.11 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.68 | 0.55 |
NBias | NSTD | CRMSE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-S | W-S | E-S | W-S | E-S | W-S | |
ETNP | −0.07 | −0.08 | 1.19 | 1.17 | 0.53 | 0.52 |
ETNA | −0.18 | −0.21 | 1.32 | 1.42 | 0.69 | 0.77 |
TNIO | −0.05 | −0.07 | 1.42 | 1.27 | 0.81 | 0.70 |
TWNP | −0.07 | −0.10 | 1.35 | 1.33 | 0.91 | 0.89 |
TENP | −0.01 | −0.03 | 1.25 | 1.20 | 0.79 | 0.77 |
TNAO | −0.05 | −0.05 | 1.26 | 1.31 | 0.74 | 0.79 |
TSIO | −0.03 | −0.05 | 1.35 | 1.25 | 0.83 | 0.77 |
TWSP | −0.07 | −0.14 | 1.99 | 1.62 | 1.86 | 1.60 |
TESP | 0.01 | −0.01 | 1.85 | 1.71 | 1.60 | 1.44 |
TSAO | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.77 | 1.59 | 1.37 | 1.26 |
ETSI | −0.05 | −0.03 | 1.34 | 1.21 | 0.79 | 0.80 |
ETSP | −0.05 | −0.04 | 1.35 | 1.17 | 0.89 | 0.88 |
ETSA | −0.05 | −0.04 | 1.39 | 1.28 | 1.06 | 1.03 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Stefanakos, C. Global Wind and Wave Climate Based on Two Reanalysis Databases: ECMWF ERA5 and NCEP CFSR. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 990. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9090990
Stefanakos C. Global Wind and Wave Climate Based on Two Reanalysis Databases: ECMWF ERA5 and NCEP CFSR. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9(9):990. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9090990
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefanakos, Christos. 2021. "Global Wind and Wave Climate Based on Two Reanalysis Databases: ECMWF ERA5 and NCEP CFSR" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9: 990. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9090990