How Leaf Vein and Stomata Traits Are Related with Photosynthetic Efficiency in Falanghina Grapevine in Different Pedoclimatic Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Environmental Data Characterization
2.2. Growth and Production Parameters
2.3. Gas-Exchange and Chlorophyll a Fluorescence
2.4. Stomata and Vein Traits
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area and Vineyard Characteristics
4.2. Biometry and Yield
4.3. Gas-Exchange and Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Emission Measurements
4.4. Microscopy and Digital Image Analysis
- minor vein length per unit area (Minor VLA) = sum of vein lengths of third or higher orders of veins divided by the difference between the area imaged and the area occupied by the second-order veins (mm/mm2);
- major vein length per unit area (Major VLA) = sum of vein lengths of second-order veins divided by the area imaged (mm/mm2);
- minor vein area per unit area (Minor VAA) = sum of vein areas of third or higher orders of veins divided by the difference between the area imaged and the area occupied by the second-order veins (mm/mm2);
- major vein area per unit area (Major VAA) = sum of vein areas of second-order veins divided by the area imaged (mm/mm2);
- total vein length per area (Total VLA) = sum of vein lengths of all order veins divided by the area imaged (mm/mm2);
- total vein area per unit area (Total VAA) = sum of vein areas of all order veins divided by the area imaged (mm2/mm2);
- free vein endings per unit area (FVEA) = number of vein endings divided by the area imaged (n°/mm2).
4.5. Statistical Analysis of Data
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Shoot Leaf Area | Single Leaf Area | Shoot Basal Diameter | Average Bunch Weight | Bunch Number | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(cm2 shoot−1) | (cm2) | (mm) | (g bunch−1) | (n° shoot−1) | |
Field (F) | |||||
SL | 4142 ± 250 a | 192 ± 10.4 a | 8.79 ± 0.16 ab | 360 ± 11.7 a | 1.3 ± 0.04 b |
CA | 3416 ± 171 b | 135 ± 3.24 c | 7.89 ± 0.13 c | 208 ± 9.27 c | 1.2 ± 0.03 c |
GR | 4194 ± 228 a | 151 ± 4.22 b | 9.02 ± 0.16 a | 175 ± 10.7 d | 1.3 ± 0.03 b |
AC | 3320 ± 156 b | 156 ± 5.21 b | 8.49 ± 0.17 b | 304 ± 11.6 b | 1.4 ± 0.05 a |
Year (Y) | |||||
2019 | 4308 ± 169 a | 168 ± 5.75 a | 9.13 ± 0.10 a | 270 ± 10.8 a | 1.5 ± 0.02 a |
2020 | 3228 ± 107 b | 149 ± 3.42 b | 7.97 ± 0.11 b | 253 ± 11.7 a | 1.2 ± 0.02 b |
Significance | |||||
Field (F) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Year (Y) | *** | ** | *** | NS | *** |
F x Y | NS | NS | NS | *** | *** |
Pn | gs | Ci | E | inWUE | ETR | ΦPSII | Fv/Fm | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(µmol CO2 m−2s−1) | (mmol H2O m−2 s−1) | (µmol CO2 mol−1) | (mol H2O m−2 s−1) | (µmol CO2/ mol H2O) | ||||
Field (F) | ||||||||
SL | 10.9 ± 0.66 a | 183.5 ± 19.1 a | 267.6 ± 12.5 a | 5.00 ± 0.31 a | 2.55 ± 0.26 a | 172.1 ± 5.30 a | 0.309 ± 0.007 a | 0.784 ± 0.003 a |
CA | 6.20 ± 0.49 c | 103.6 ± 12.1 b | 228.3 ± 16.0 a | 3.37 ± 0.34 b | 1.97 ± 0.20 a | 137.3 ± 3.40 b | 0.250 ± 0.006 b | 0.752 ± 0.003 b |
GR | 5.15 ± 0.78 c | 66.7 ± 10.9 b | 237.9 ± 17.8 a | 3.33 ± 0.37 b | 1.83 ± 0.32 a | 135.1 ± 6.19 b | 0.242 ± 0.010 b | 0.754 ± 0.004 b |
AC | 9.31 ± 0.61 b | 159.4 ± 15.5 a | 225.2 ± 15.3 a | 5.31 ± 0.24 a | 1.98 ± 0.17 a | 181.2 ± 4.81 a | 0.325 ± 0.008 a | 0.788 ± 0.003 a |
Year (Y) | ||||||||
2019 | 8.77 ± 0.58 a | 131.5 ± 14.0 a | 214.6 ± 13.6 b | 4.60 ± 0.27 a | 2.26 ± 0.21 a | 153.8 ± 5.14 a | 0.279 ± 0.008 a | 0.772 ± 0.004 a |
2020 | 6.78 ± 0.45 b | 120.4 ± 8.8 a | 267.4 ± 4.10 a | 4.00 ± 0.22 a | 1.74 ± 0.09 b | 159.3 ± 3.98 a | 0.284 ± 0.008 a | 0.766 ± 0.002 a |
Significance | ||||||||
Field (F) | *** | *** | NS | *** | NS | *** | *** | *** |
Year (Y) | ** | NS | *** | NS | * | NS | NS | NS |
F x Y | * | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Stomata Length | Stomata Width | Stomata Frequency | |
---|---|---|---|
(µm) | (µm) | (n/mm2) | |
Field (F) | |||
SL | 33.2 ± 0.43 a | 19.2 ± 0.31 a | 140.3 ± 3.74 a |
CA | 29.6 ± 0.34 b | 16.9 ± 0.23 b | 149.2 ± 3.54 a |
GR | 27.2 ± 0.55 c | 15.5 ± 0.36 c | 138.6 ± 4.04 a |
AC | 24.8 ± 0.38 d | 14.3 ± 0.21 d | 139.9 ± 2.50 a |
Year (Y) | |||
2019 | 28.8 ± 0.37 a | 16.1 ± 0.22 b | 151.4 ± 2.56 a |
2020 | 28.6 ± 0.36 a | 16.8 ± 0.24 a | 132.6 ± 1.88 b |
Significance | |||
Field (F) | *** | *** | NS |
Year (Y) | NS | * | *** |
F x Y | NS | NS | * |
Minor VLA | Major VLA | Total VLA | Minor VAA | Major VAA | Total VAA | FVEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm/mm2) | (mm/mm2) | (mm/mm2) | (mm2/mm2) | (mm2/mm2) | (mm2/mm2) | (n/mm2) | |
Field (F) | |||||||
SL | 2.31 ± 0.06 a | 0.729 ± 0.036 a | 2.89 ± 0.06 c | 0.118 ± 0.004 c | 0.065 ± 0.004 a | 0.175 ± 0.005 b | 2.93 ± 0.11 a |
CA | 2.59 ± 0.01 a | 0.865 ± 0.049 a | 3.27 ± 0.08 a | 0.132 ± 0.004 b | 0.072 ± 0.004 a | 0.194 ± 0.005 a | 2.47 ± 0.05 c |
GR | 2.47 ± 0.09 a | 0.751 ± 0.054 a | 3.04 ± 0.07 bc | 0.134 ± 0.006 b | 0.072 ± 0.004 a | 0.197 ± 0.005 a | 2.37 ± 0.10 c |
AC | 2.58 ± 0.14 a | 0.817 ± 0.042 a | 3.22 ± 0.12 ab | 0.145 ± 0.004 a | 0.069 ± 0.003 a | 0.194 ± 0.007 a | 2.68 ± 0.03 b |
Year (Y) | |||||||
2019 | 2.45 ± 0.06 a | 0.799 ± 0.028 a | 3.07 ± 0.05 a | 0.137 ± 0.003 a | 0.075 ± 0.002 a | 0.202 ± 0.003 a | 2.48 ± 0.04 b |
2020 | 2.52 ± 0.09 a | 0.781 ± 0.039 a | 3.14 ± 0.07 a | 0.127 ± 0.004 b | 0.064 ± 0.003 b | 0.178 ± 0.004 b | 2.74 ± 0.06 a |
Significance | |||||||
Field (F) | NS | NS | * | ** | NS | ** | *** |
Year (Y) | NS | NS | NS | * | * | *** | ** |
F x Y | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ** | ** |
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Damiano, N.; Arena, C.; Bonfante, A.; Caputo, R.; Erbaggio, A.; Cirillo, C.; De Micco, V. How Leaf Vein and Stomata Traits Are Related with Photosynthetic Efficiency in Falanghina Grapevine in Different Pedoclimatic Conditions. Plants 2022, 11, 1507. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants11111507
Damiano N, Arena C, Bonfante A, Caputo R, Erbaggio A, Cirillo C, De Micco V. How Leaf Vein and Stomata Traits Are Related with Photosynthetic Efficiency in Falanghina Grapevine in Different Pedoclimatic Conditions. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1507. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants11111507
Chicago/Turabian StyleDamiano, Nicola, Carmen Arena, Antonello Bonfante, Rosanna Caputo, Arturo Erbaggio, Chiara Cirillo, and Veronica De Micco. 2022. "How Leaf Vein and Stomata Traits Are Related with Photosynthetic Efficiency in Falanghina Grapevine in Different Pedoclimatic Conditions" Plants 11, no. 11: 1507. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants11111507