Plants

22 pages, 952 KiB

Open AccessReview

Aerobiology of the Family Lamiaceae: Novel Perspectives with Special Reference to Volatiles Emission

by Robert Adrian Haas, Ioana Crișan, Dan Vârban and Rodica Vârban

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1687; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121687 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 59

Abstract

Lamiaceae is a botanical family rich in aromatic species that are in high demand such as basil, lavender, mint, oregano, sage, and thyme. It has great economical, ecological, ethnobotanical, and floristic importance. The aim of this work is to provide an updated view [...] Read more.

Lamiaceae is a botanical family rich in aromatic species that are in high demand such as basil, lavender, mint, oregano, sage, and thyme. It has great economical, ecological, ethnobotanical, and floristic importance. The aim of this work is to provide an updated view on the aerobiology of species from the family Lamiaceae, with an emphasis on novelties and emerging applications. From the aerobiology point of view, the greatest interest in this botanical family is related to the volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants and, to a much lesser extent, their pollen. Research has shown that the major volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants from this botanical family are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The most important monoterpenes reported across studies include α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, menthol, limonene, and γ-terpinene. Most reports tend to cover species from the subfamily Nepetoideae. Volatile oils are produced by glandular trichomes found on aerial organs. Based on general morphology, two main types are found in the family Lamiaceae, namely peltate and capitate trichomes. As a result of pollinator-mediated transfer of pollen, Lamiaceae species present a reduced number of stamens and quantity of pollen. This might explain the low probability of pollen presence in the air from these species. A preliminary synopsis of the experimental evidence presented in this work suggests that the interplay of the organic particles and molecules released by these plants and their environment could be leveraged for beneficial outcomes in agriculture and landscaping. Emerging reports propose their use for intercropping to ensure the success of fructification, increased yield of entomophilous crops, as well as in sensory gardens due to the therapeutic effect of volatiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plants Volatile Compounds)

29 pages, 3959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recruitment and Aggregation Capacity of Tea Trees to Rhizosphere Soil Characteristic Bacteria Affects the Quality of Tea Leaves

by Xiaoli Jia, Shaoxiong Lin, Yuhua Wang, Qi Zhang, Miao Jia, Mingzhe Li, Yiling Chen, Pengyuan Cheng, Lei Hong, Ying Zhang, Jianghua Ye and Haibin Wang

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1686; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121686 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2024

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Abstract

There are obvious differences in quality between different varieties of the same plant, and it is not clear whether they can be effectively distinguished from each other from a bacterial point of view. In this study, 44 tea tree varieties (Camellia sinensis [...] Read more.

There are obvious differences in quality between different varieties of the same plant, and it is not clear whether they can be effectively distinguished from each other from a bacterial point of view. In this study, 44 tea tree varieties (Camellia sinensis) were used to analyze the rhizosphere soil bacterial community using high-throughput sequencing technology, and five types of machine deep learning were used for modeling to obtain characteristic microorganisms that can effectively differentiate different varieties, and validation was performed. The relationship between characteristic microorganisms, soil nutrient transformation, and tea quality formation was further analyzed. It was found that 44 tea tree varieties were classified into two groups (group A and group B) and the characteristic bacteria that distinguished them came from 23 genera. Secondly, the content of rhizosphere soil available nutrients (available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium) and tea quality indexes (tea polyphenols, theanine, and caffeine) was significantly higher in group A than in group B. The classification result based on both was consistent with the above bacteria. This study provides a new insight and research methodology into the main reasons for the formation of quality differences among different varieties of the same plant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tea Plants Cultivation)

21 pages, 7995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Response and Evaluation of Morphology, Physiology, and Biochemistry Traits in Triploid Passiflora edulis Sims ‘Mantianxing’ to Drought Stress

by Xin Su, Zhenxin Yang, Chiyu Zhou, Shili Geng, Shi Chen, Nianhui Cai, Junrong Tang, Lin Chen and Yulan Xu

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1685; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121685 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 91

Abstract

As one of the most influential environmental factors, drought stress greatly impacts the development and production of plants. Triploid-induced Passiflora edulis Sims ‘Mantianxing’ is an important new cultivar for multi-resistance variety selective breeding, which is one of the P. edulis breeding [...] Read more.

As one of the most influential environmental factors, drought stress greatly impacts the development and production of plants. Triploid-induced Passiflora edulis Sims ‘Mantianxing’ is an important new cultivar for multi-resistance variety selective breeding, which is one of the P. edulis breeding essential targets. However, the performance of triploid ‘Mantianxing’ under drought stress is unknown. In order to study the drought resistance of triploid ‘Mantianxing’, our study compared drought-related indicators in diploids and triploids under natural drought experiments, including morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. Results showed that triploid P. edulis ‘Mantianxing’ showed variable responses to drought treatment. Compared with diploids, triploids showed higher photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence, osmotic adjustment substances, and antioxidant enzyme activity under drought stress and faster chlorophyll biosynthesis and growth recovery after rewatering. Generally speaking, these results indicate that the drought resistance of triploid P. edulis is superior to diploid. This study provides scientific information for breeding stress tolerance variety of P. edulis ‘Mantianxing’ new cultivar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

16 pages, 4096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Endophytic Bacteria from Artemisia spp. and Beneficial Traits on Pea Plants

by Shervin Hadian, Donald L. Smith, Stanislav Kopriva, Eglė Norkevičienė and Skaidrė Supronienė

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1684; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121684 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 136

Abstract

Endophytic microorganisms represent promising solutions to environmental challenges inherent in conventional agricultural practices. This study concentrates on the identification of endophytic bacteria isolated from the root, stem, and leaf tissues of four Artemisia plant species. Sixty-one strains were isolated and sequenced by 16S [...] Read more.

Endophytic microorganisms represent promising solutions to environmental challenges inherent in conventional agricultural practices. This study concentrates on the identification of endophytic bacteria isolated from the root, stem, and leaf tissues of four Artemisia plant species. Sixty-one strains were isolated and sequenced by 16S rDNA. Sequencing revealed diverse genera among the isolated bacteria from different Artemisia species, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Lysinibacillus. AR11 and VR24 obtained from the roots of A. absinthium and A. vulgaris demonstrated significant inhibition on Fusarium c.f. oxysporum mycelial growth. In addition, AR11, AR32, and CR25 exhibited significant activity in phosphatase solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and indole production, highlighting their potential to facilitate plant growth. A comparative analysis of Artemisia species showed that root isolates from A. absinthium, A. campestris, and A. vulgaris have beneficial properties for inhibiting pathogen growth and enhancing plant growth. AR11 with 100% similarity to Bacillus thuringiensis, could be considered a promising candidate for further investigation as microbial biofertilizers. This finding highlights their potential as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, thereby contributing to sustainable crop protection practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beneficial Plant-Microorganisms Interactions: Augmented Defenses of Plants and Physiological Responses)

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29 pages, 2736 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Genus Hyssopus: Traditional Use, Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Properties

by Gayane Atazhanova, Margarita Ishmuratova, Yana Levaya, Marlen Smagulov and Yekaterina Lakomkina

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1683; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121683 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 101

Abstract

According to modern concepts, the genus Hyssopus L. includes seven plant species (Hyssopus ambiguus (Trautv.) Iljin ex Prochorov. & Lebel; Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss; Hyssopus latilabiatus C.Y.Wu & H.W. Li; Hyssopus macranthus Boriss.; Hyssopus officinalis L.; Hyssopus seravschanicus (Dubj.) Pazij; Hyssopus subulifolius (Rech.f.) [...] Read more.

According to modern concepts, the genus Hyssopus L. includes seven plant species (Hyssopus ambiguus (Trautv.) Iljin ex Prochorov. & Lebel; Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss; Hyssopus latilabiatus C.Y.Wu & H.W. Li; Hyssopus macranthus Boriss.; Hyssopus officinalis L.; Hyssopus seravschanicus (Dubj.) Pazij; Hyssopus subulifolius (Rech.f.) Rech.f.). The plants are rich in various groups of biologically active substances with a wide spectrum of pharmacological action. This review presents a modern comprehensive overview of the botanical research, extraction methods, chemical composition and pharmacological activity of plants of the genus Hyssopus L. As a result of the review, it was established that the chemical composition of plant extracts of the genus Hyssopus L. depends on various factors (place of growth, weather conditions, chemotypes, extraction methods, etc.). For the further use of the plants, the extraction methods and low-molecular metabolites isolated from them (mono- and sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc.) are discussed. The data from the review provide an assessment of the relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals Beneficial to Human Health - Volume II)

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25 pages, 8379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Conservation for the Safeguard of Abies nebrodensis: An Endemic and Endangered Species of Sicily

by Carla Benelli, Waed Tarraf, Tolga İzgü, Monica Anichini, Cecilia Faraloni, Maria Cristina Salvatici, Nourhene Jouini, Maria Antonietta Germanà, Roberto Danti and Maurizio Lambardi

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1682; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121682 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 173

Abstract

The combined approaches between ex situ and in situ conservation are of great importance for threatened species in urgent need of protection. This study aims to develop concrete actions to preserve the relic of 30 adult trees of the Sicilian fir (Abies [...] Read more.

The combined approaches between ex situ and in situ conservation are of great importance for threatened species in urgent need of protection. This study aims to develop concrete actions to preserve the relic of 30 adult trees of the Sicilian fir (Abies nebrodensis) from extinction using long-term germplasm conservation in liquid nitrogen (LN, −196 °C). Pollen grains were collected, and their moisture content (MC) was measured. Then, viability (2,3,5-tryphenyl tetrazolium chloride, TTC), in vitro germinability, and enzymatic antioxidant activity (ascorbate peroxidase, APX; catalase, CAT) were evaluated before and after cryopreservation. Seeds collected from mature cones underwent X-ray analysis, and only full seeds were used to excise the zygotic embryos (ZEs) for cryopreservation. The MC percentage of ZEs was determined, and then they were plunged in LN with (+PVS2) or without (−PVS2) Plant Vitrification Solution 2; untreated ZEs were used as a control. Viability (TTC test) and in vitro germination were assessed for all ZEs (+PVS2, −PVS2, and control). Embryogenic callus (EC) lines obtained from mature ZEs were cryopreserved applying the ‘encapsulation-dehydration’ technique. This study has allowed, after optimizing cryopreservation protocols for pollen, ZEs, and EC of A. nebrodensis, to establish the first cryobank of this endangered species in Polizzi Generosa (Palermo, Italy), inside the ‘Madonie Regional Park’. The strategy developed for Sicilian fir conservation will pave the way for similar initiatives for other critically endangered conifer species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Genetic Resources In Vitro Culture: Present Situation and Prospects for Propagation, Conservation and Sustainable Use)

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28 pages, 6209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation and Evaluation of Spatial Attention Mechanism in Apricot Disease Detection Using Adaptive Sampling Latent Variable Network

by Bingyuan Han, Peiyan Duan, Chengcheng Zhou, Xiaotong Su, Ziyan Yang, Shutian Zhou, Mengxue Ji, Yucen Xie, Jianjun Chen and Chunli Lv

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1681; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121681 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2024

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Abstract

In this study, an advanced method for apricot tree disease detection is proposed that integrates deep learning technologies with various data augmentation strategies to significantly enhance the accuracy and efficiency of disease detection. A comprehensive framework based on the adaptive sampling latent variable [...] Read more.

In this study, an advanced method for apricot tree disease detection is proposed that integrates deep learning technologies with various data augmentation strategies to significantly enhance the accuracy and efficiency of disease detection. A comprehensive framework based on the adaptive sampling latent variable network (ASLVN) and the spatial state attention mechanism was developed with the aim of enhancing the model’s capability to capture characteristics of apricot tree diseases while ensuring its applicability on edge devices through model lightweighting techniques. Experimental results demonstrated significant improvements in precision, recall, accuracy, and mean average precision (mAP). Specifically, precision was

0.92

, recall was

0.89

, accuracy was

0.90

, and mAP was

0.91

, surpassing traditional models such as YOLOv5, YOLOv8, RetinaNet, EfficientDet, and DEtection TRansformer (DETR). Furthermore, through ablation studies, the critical roles of ASLVN and the spatial state attention mechanism in enhancing detection performance were validated. These experiments not only showcased the contributions of each component for improving model performance but also highlighted the method’s capability to address the challenges of apricot tree disease detection in complex environments. Eight types of apricot tree diseases were detected, including Powdery Mildew and Brown Rot, representing a technological breakthrough. The findings provide robust technical support for disease management in actual agricultural production and offer broad application prospects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Artificial Intelligence and Sensor Systems in Agriculture)

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16 pages, 2250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Low Congruence between Plant and Animal Diversity in Field Ridges of Intensively Managed Paddy Landscapes, China

by Yicheng Peng, Haoyu Qiu, Yuyang Qian, Jiaxin Chen, Guoyu Qin, Pengyao Li, Rongqian Zhang and Meichun Duan

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1680; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121680 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 193

Abstract

Field ridges are commonly viewed as the stable semi-natural habitats for maintaining plant diversity in the agricultural landscape. The high plant diversity could further support higher animal diversity. But following the adoption of well-facilitated farmland construction measures in China, many field ridges have [...] Read more.

Field ridges are commonly viewed as the stable semi-natural habitats for maintaining plant diversity in the agricultural landscape. The high plant diversity could further support higher animal diversity. But following the adoption of well-facilitated farmland construction measures in China, many field ridges have been disproportionately neglected or destroyed. Empirical studies delineating the relationships between plant and animal diversity in these field ridges in the paddy landscape remain scant, especially in China, which has the most rice production. A two-year field ridge evaluation was conducted in the Chengdu Plain area, covering 30 paddy landscapes. This investigation scrutinizes the shape attributes of field ridges, their plant diversity, and the associated animal α-diversity and community compositions, including spiders, carabids, birds, frogs, and rice planthoppers. In the results of Pearson’s correlation analysis, a significant inconsistent correlation was observed between plant diversity and animal diversity. The analysis of community structure heterogeneity also revealed no correspondence for species composition between plant and animal communities (i.e., spiders, carabids, and birds), while the non-metric multidimensional scale analysis indicated a substantial difference in the species composition of spiders or plants even within the same field ridge between 2020 and 2021. We argue that the implementation of intensive management practices in paddy landscapes, such as machine ploughing and harvesting and herbicide spraying with drones, leads to a scarcity of stable animal and plant communities in field ridges. Therefore, besides retaining these field ridges in paddy landscapes, maintaining the long-term stable ridges by refraining from herbicide spraying or artificial weeding, as well as avoiding winter wheat cultivating in field ridges, will contribute to protecting biodiversity of field ridges as semi-natural habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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26 pages, 1453 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Single-Cell Transcriptome Sequencing and Spatial Transcriptome Sequencing in Plants

by Zhuo Lv, Shuaijun Jiang, Shuxin Kong, Xu Zhang, Jiahui Yue, Wanqi Zhao, Long Li and Shuyan Lin

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1679; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121679 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 218

Abstract

“Omics” typically involves exploration of the structure and function of the entire composition of a biological system at a specific level using high-throughput analytical methods to probe and analyze large amounts of data, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, among other types. Genomics [...] Read more.

“Omics” typically involves exploration of the structure and function of the entire composition of a biological system at a specific level using high-throughput analytical methods to probe and analyze large amounts of data, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, among other types. Genomics characterizes and quantifies all genes of an organism collectively, studying their interrelationships and their impacts on the organism. However, conventional transcriptomic sequencing techniques target population cells, and their results only reflect the average expression levels of genes in population cells, as they are unable to reveal the gene expression heterogeneity and spatial heterogeneity among individual cells, thus masking the expression specificity between different cells. Single-cell transcriptomic sequencing and spatial transcriptomic sequencing techniques analyze the transcriptome of individual cells in plant or animal tissues, enabling the understanding of each cell’s metabolites and expressed genes. Consequently, statistical analysis of the corresponding tissues can be performed, with the purpose of achieving cell classification, evolutionary growth, and physiological and pathological analyses. This article provides an overview of the research progress in plant single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, as well as their applications and challenges in plants. Furthermore, prospects for the development of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Genetic Architecture of Bamboo Growth and Development)

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12 pages, 2554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Selectively Promoted the Growth of Three Ecological Restoration Plants

by Hengkang Xu, Yuchuan Shi, Chao Chen, Zhuo Pang, Guofang Zhang, Weiwei Zhang and Haiming Kan

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1678; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121678 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 219

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation can promote plant growth, but specific research on the difference in the symbiosis effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant combination is not yet in-depth. Therefore, this study selected Medicago sativa L., Bromus inermis Leyss, and Festuca arundinacea Schreb., [...] Read more.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation can promote plant growth, but specific research on the difference in the symbiosis effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant combination is not yet in-depth. Therefore, this study selected Medicago sativa L., Bromus inermis Leyss, and Festuca arundinacea Schreb., which were commonly used for restoring degraded land in China to inoculate with three AMF separately, to explore the effects of different AMF inoculation on the growth performance and nutrient absorption of different plants and to provide a scientific basis for the research and development of the combination of mycorrhiza and plants. We set up four treatments with inoculation Entrophospora etunicata (EE), Funneliformis mosseae (FM), Rhizophagus intraradices (RI), and non-inoculation. The main research findings are as follows: the three AMF formed a good symbiotic relationship with the three grassland plants, with RI and FM having more significant inoculation effects on plant height, biomass, and tiller number. Compared with C, the aboveground biomass of Medicago sativa L., Bromus inermis Leyss, and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. inoculated with AMF increased by 101.30–174.29%, 51.67–74.14%, and 110.67–174.67%. AMF inoculation enhanced the plant uptake of N, P, and K, and plant P and K contents were significantly correlated with plant biomass. PLS-PM analyses of three plants all showed that AMF inoculation increased plant nutrient uptake and then increased aboveground biomass and underground biomass by increasing plant height and root tillering. This study showed that RI was a more suitable AMF for combination with grassland degradation restoration grass species and proposed the potential mechanism of AMF–plant symbiosis to increase yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycorrhizal and Endophytic Fungi as a Tool for Sustainable Environments)

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15 pages, 5739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacterial Spermosphere Inoculants Alter N. benthamiana-Plant Physiology and Host Bacterial Microbiome

by Andrea Sanchez Barrios, Derek Lundberg, Laura de Lorenzo, B Kirtley Amos, Meera Nair, Arthur Hunt and Seth DeBolt

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1677; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121677 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 284

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the interplay between the spermosphere inoculum, host plant physiology, and endophytic compartment (EC) microbial community. Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of root, stem, and leaf endophytic compartment communities, we established a baseline microbiome for Nicotiana sp. Phenotypic [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the interplay between the spermosphere inoculum, host plant physiology, and endophytic compartment (EC) microbial community. Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of root, stem, and leaf endophytic compartment communities, we established a baseline microbiome for Nicotiana sp. Phenotypic differences were observed due to the addition of some bacterial inoculants, correlated with endogenous auxin loads using transgenic plants expressing the auxin reporter pB-GFP::P87. When applied as spermosphere inoculants, select bacteria were found to create reproducible variation within the root EC microbiome and, more systematically, the host plant physiology. Our findings support the assertion that the spermosphere of plants is a zone that can influence the EC microbiome when applied in a greenhouse setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Sustainable Horticulture: Resilience, Resource Protection and Rewards)

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19 pages, 732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interfamily Grafted Hybrids Vitis vinifera/Schisandra chinensis Resulted in Transcriptomic, Phenotypic, and Metabolic Changes

by Shulin Zhang, Zhuo Chen, Junhui Zhao, Songfeng Diao, Li Tian, Ying Zhao, Fangdong Li and Gao-Pu Zhu

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1676; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121676 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 199

Abstract

Long-distance transfer of genetic material and metabolites between rootstock and scions is well documented in homo-grafted hybrids but has rarely been reported in genetically-distant grafts where the rootstock and scion belong to different families. In this study, we grafted Vitis vinifera scions onto [...] Read more.

Long-distance transfer of genetic material and metabolites between rootstock and scions is well documented in homo-grafted hybrids but has rarely been reported in genetically-distant grafts where the rootstock and scion belong to different families. In this study, we grafted Vitis vinifera scions onto Schisandra chinensis stocks and obtained 20 vegetative hybrids, Vitis vinifera/Schisandra chinensis (Vs). After 25 years of growth, we found that the phenotypes of the leaves, internodes, and fruits of the Vs hybrids above the graft union resembled an intermediate phenotype between V. vinifera and S. chinensis, and the new traits were stable when propagated vegetatively. We further analyzed genetic differences between Vv plants and Vs hybrids using high-throughput sequencing, while metabolomes were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We found a total of 2113 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs enriched mainly in oxidation-reduction and metabolic processes. Seventy-nine differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) containing 27 known miRNAs and 52 novel miRNAs were identified. A degradation analysis detected 840 target genes corresponding to 252 miRNAs, of which 12 DEMs and their corresponding target gene expression levels were mostly negatively correlated. Furthermore, 1188 differential metabolic compounds were identified. In particular, in Vs hybrids, the abundance of the metabolites schizandrin and gomisin as the main medicinal ingredients in S. chinensis were down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively. Our data demonstrated the effects of interfamily grafts on the phenotype, transcript profile and metabolites of the scion, and also provided new insight into the genetic, phenotypic, and metabolic plasticity associated with genetically distant grafted hybrids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

12 pages, 719 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Plants of Conservation Interest in a Protected Area: A Case Study of the Gran Sasso and Monti Della Laga National Park (Central Italy)

by Fabio Conti, Daniela Tinti and Fabrizio Bartolucci

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1675; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121675 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 207

Abstract

The National Park of Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga (PNGSL) is located in Central Italy and covers an area of 143.311 ha across three administrative regions (Abruzzo, Marche, and Lazio). It is the protected area hosting the highest number of vascular plants [...] Read more.

The National Park of Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga (PNGSL) is located in Central Italy and covers an area of 143.311 ha across three administrative regions (Abruzzo, Marche, and Lazio). It is the protected area hosting the highest number of vascular plants in both Europe and the Mediterranean basin. The plan of the park recognizes the need to establish a list of plants of conservation interest to prioritize for protection. The aim of this study is to identify plants (vascular and bryophytes) for inclusion on a protection list, taking into account their phytogeographic importance as well as the threat of extinction, and subsequently propose an original categorization (protection classes) suggesting specific conservation actions and measures. We used original criteria to select plants of conservation interest among the 2678 plant taxa listed in the national park. We identified 564 vascular plant species and subspecies (including nine hybrids) and one bryophyte to be included in the proposed protection list. The case study of the PNGSL could be a model for other protected areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Conservation Biogeography: New Perspectives 80 Years after Nikolai Vavilov)

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16 pages, 9752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling the Role of the Liriodendron Thioredoxin (TRX) Gene Family in an Abiotic Stress Response

by Lu Tong, Mengyuan Lin, Liming Zhu, Bojun Liao, Lu Lu, Ye Lu, Jinhui Chen, Jisen Shi and Zhaodong Hao

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1674; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121674 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 230

Abstract

Thioredoxin (TRX) is a small protein with REDOX activity that plays a crucial role in a plant’s growth, development, and stress resistance. The TRX family has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis, rice, and wheat, and so it is likely that its members have [...] Read more.

Thioredoxin (TRX) is a small protein with REDOX activity that plays a crucial role in a plant’s growth, development, and stress resistance. The TRX family has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis, rice, and wheat, and so it is likely that its members have similar biological functions in Liriodendron that have not been reported in Liriodendron. In this study, we performed the genome-wide identification of the TRX gene family based on the Liriodendron chinense genome, leading to a total of 42 LcTRX gene members. A phylogenetic analysis categorized these 42 LcTRX proteins into 13 subfamilies. We further characterized their chromosome distributions, gene structures, conserved protein motifs, and cis-elements in the promoter regions. In addition, based on the publicly available transcriptome data for Liriodendron hybrid and following RT-qPCR experiments, we explored the expression patterns of LhTRXs to different abiotic stressors, i.e., drought, cold, and heat stress. Notably, we found that several LhTRXs, especially LhTRX-h3, were significantly upregulated in response to abiotic stress. In addition, the subcellular localization assay showed that LhTRX-h3 was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. Subsequently, we obtained LhTRX-h3 overexpression (OE) and knockout (KO) callus lines in Liriodendron hybrid. Compared to the wild type (WT) and LhTRX-h3-KO callus proliferation of LhTRX-h3-OE lines was significantly enhanced with reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under drought stress. Our findings that LhTRX-h3 is sufficient to improve drought tolerance. and underscore the significance of the TRX gene family in environmental stress responses in Liriodendron. Full article

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21 pages, 3618 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Agrostemma Genus—A Review

by Aleksander Smakosz, Adam Matkowski and Izabela Nawrot-Hadzik

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1673; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121673 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 360

Abstract

The family Caryophyllaceae comprises more than 2600 species spread widely across all the continents. Their economic importance is mainly as ornamentals (carnation) and as weeds in agriculture. Some species have been used traditionally (and some are still) in herbal medicine or as emulsifiers [...] Read more.

The family Caryophyllaceae comprises more than 2600 species spread widely across all the continents. Their economic importance is mainly as ornamentals (carnation) and as weeds in agriculture. Some species have been used traditionally (and some are still) in herbal medicine or as emulsifiers in food processing. These applications are based on the high content of triterpenoid saponins. Typical for this family are also ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), which are potentially highly toxic. Agrostemma githago L. (common corncockle) was historically considered a serious toxicological hazard owing to cereal grain contamination by its seeds. Notwithstanding, it was also recommended as a drug by various herbalists. In this review, the literature was searched in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases for papers focused on the chemical composition and bioactivity of the two accepted species of the Agrostemma genus. This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Current research reports the cytotoxicity against neoplastic cells; the protection against oxidative stress; the suppression of Leishmania major culture growth; the inhibition of protein synthesis; and the antiviral, anti-angiogenic, and antihypercholesterolemic activities of common corncockle. The future prospects of using A. githago saponins as adjuvants in drug formulations and enhancing the cytotoxicity of RIPs are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valuable Sources of Bioactive Natural Products from Plants, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 4334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ascorbic Acid Improves Tomato Salt Tolerance by Regulating Ion Homeostasis and Proline Synthesis

by Xianjun Chen, Hongwei Han, Yundan Cong, Xuezhen Li, Wenbo Zhang, Jinxia Cui, Wei Xu, Shengqun Pang and Huiying Liu

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1672; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121672 - 17 Jun 2024

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Abstract

In this study, processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ‘Ligeer 87-5’ was hydroponically cultivated under 100 mM NaCl to simulate salt stress. To investigate the impacts on ion homeostasis, osmotic regulation, and redox status in tomato seedlings, different endogenous levels of ascorbic acid [...] Read more.

In this study, processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ‘Ligeer 87-5’ was hydroponically cultivated under 100 mM NaCl to simulate salt stress. To investigate the impacts on ion homeostasis, osmotic regulation, and redox status in tomato seedlings, different endogenous levels of ascorbic acid (AsA) were established through the foliar application of 0.5 mM AsA (NA treatment), 0.25 mM lycorine (LYC, an inhibitor of AsA synthesis; NL treatment), and a combination of LYC and AsA (NLA treatment). The results demonstrated that exogenous AsA significantly increased the activities and gene expressions of key enzymes (L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH) and L-galactose dehydrogenase (GalDH)) involved in AsA synthesis in tomato seedling leaves under NaCl stress and NL treatment, thereby increasing cellular AsA content to maintain its redox status in a reduced state. Additionally, exogenous AsA regulated multiple ion transporters via the SOS pathway and increased the selective absorption of K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in the aerial parts, reconstructing ion homeostasis in cells, thereby alleviating ion imbalance caused by salt stress. Exogenous AsA also increased proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) activity and gene expression, while inhibiting the activity and transcription levels of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and ornithine-δ-aminotransferase (OAT), thereby reducing excessive proline content in the leaves and alleviating osmotic stress. LYC exacerbated ion imbalance and osmotic stress caused by salt stress, which could be significantly reversed by AsA application. Therefore, exogenous AsA application increased endogenous AsA levels, reestablished ion homeostasis, maintained osmotic balance, effectively alleviated the inhibitory effect of salt stress on tomato seedling growth, and enhanced their salt tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protected Cultivation of Horticultural Crops: Advances and Sustainability)

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13 pages, 2051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Potential of Flourensia retinophylla against Staphylococcus aureus

by Minerva Edith Beltrán-Martínez, Melvin Roberto Tapia-Rodríguez, Jesús Fernando Ayala-Zavala, Agustín Gómez-Álvarez, Ramon Enrique Robles-Zepeda, Heriberto Torres-Moreno, Diana Jasso de Rodríguez and Julio César López-Romero

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1671; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121671 - 17 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacteria with the greatest impact in the clinical area, due to the high rate of infections and deaths reaching every year. A previous scenario is associated with the bacteria’s ability to develop resistance against conventional antibiotic therapies as [...] Read more.

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacteria with the greatest impact in the clinical area, due to the high rate of infections and deaths reaching every year. A previous scenario is associated with the bacteria’s ability to develop resistance against conventional antibiotic therapies as well as biofilm formation. The above situation exhibits the necessity to reach new effective strategies against this pathogen. Flourensia retinophylla is a medicinal plant commonly used for bacterial infections treatments and has demonstrated antimicrobial effect, although its effect against S. aureus and bacterial biofilms has not been investigated. The purpose of this work was to analyze the antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of F. retinophylla against S. aureus. The antimicrobial effect was determined using an ethanolic extract of F. retinophylla. The surface charge of the bacterial membrane, the K⁺ leakage and the effect on motility were determined. The ability to prevent and remove bacterial biofilms was analyzed in terms of bacterial biomass, metabolic activity and viability. The results showed that F. retinophylla presents inhibitory (MIC: 250 µg/mL) and bactericidal (MBC: 500 µg/mL) activity against S. aureus. The MIC extract increased the bacterial surface charge by 1.4 times and the K⁺ concentration in the extracellular medium by 60%. The MIC extract inhibited the motility process by 100%, 61% and 40% after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The MIC extract prevented the formation of biofilms by more than 80% in terms of biomass production and metabolic activity. An extract at 10 × MIC reduced the metabolic activity by 82% and the viability by ≈50% in preformed biofilms. The results suggest that F. retinophylla affects S. areus membrane and the process of biofilm formation and removal. This effect could set a precedent to use this plant as alternative for antimicrobial and disinfectant therapies to control infections caused by this pathogen. In addition, this shrub could be considered for carrying out a purification process in order to identify the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactivities of Nature Products)

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13 pages, 2481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Separate and Combined Effects of Supplemental CO₂, Gibberellic Acid, and Light on Hop Quality and Yield

by William L. Bauerle

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1670; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121670 - 16 Jun 2024

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Abstract

We investigated the effect of supplemental CO₂, gibberellic acid (GA₃), and light on the quality and yield of Humulus lupulus L. strobili (cones). When applied separately, CO₂ and light increased the yield by 22% and 43%, respectively, and [...] Read more.

We investigated the effect of supplemental CO₂, gibberellic acid (GA₃), and light on the quality and yield of Humulus lupulus L. strobili (cones). When applied separately, CO₂ and light increased the yield by 22% and 43%, respectively, and had a significant effect on the components of cone mass and quality. Exogenous GA₃ increased flower set; however, the yield decreased by approximately 33%. Combining CO₂, GA₃, and light, and any combination thereof, resulted in significant increases in flower set and cone yield enhancement compared to separate applications. A synergistic effect occurred when some factors were combined. For example, the combination of CO₂ and light resulted in a yield increase of approximately 122%. The combination of all three resources, CO₂, GA₃, and light, resulted in an approximate 185% yield increase per plant. Thus, in comparison to the addition of one supplementary resource, a greater increase in yield resulted from the combination of two or more supplemental resources. Flower set stimulation due to GA₃ decreased cone alpha- and beta-acid quality attributes, unless combined with CO₂ and light as additional carbohydrate-generating resources. Additional research is needed to close the hop yield gap between current hop yields and the achievement of the plant’s genetic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimizing Plants and Cultivation System for Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA))

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20 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Protective Possibilities of Juglans Nigra Leaves and Green Husks Extracts: DNA Binding and Micronucleus Assay in Human Lymphocytes

by Katarina M. Rajković, Miroslava Stanković, Milan Markićević, Gordana Zavišić, Sanja Vranješ-Đurić, Drina Janković, Zorica Obradović and Dalibor Stanković

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1669; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121669 - 16 Jun 2024

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Abstract

To better understand the mechanism of action of the compounds in the ethanolic extracts of J. nigra leaves and green husks, their binding to CT-DNA was investigated. This study was conducted to elucidate the in vitro protective effect of extracts against chromosomal damage [...] Read more.

To better understand the mechanism of action of the compounds in the ethanolic extracts of J. nigra leaves and green husks, their binding to CT-DNA was investigated. This study was conducted to elucidate the in vitro protective effect of extracts against chromosomal damage in mitogen-induced human lymphocytes and investigate the possible application of selec+ted extracts as a natural source of polyphenolic compounds. Using HPLC-MS analysis, 103 different compounds were identified as having a higher number of active species, which is consistent with their activity. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was scored in binucleated cells, and the nuclear proliferation index was calculated. Cyclic voltammetry experiments demonstrate that the nature of the interaction between extracts and CT-DNA is a synergy of electrostatic and intercalative modes, where leaves extracts showed a higher ability to bind to DNA. Extracts showed excellent antioxidant activity. At a concentration of only 4 µg/mL, extract of J. nigra leaves and the green husks reduced the incidence of MN by 58.2% and 64.5%, respectively, compared to control cell cultures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemistry of Plant Natural Products)

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19 pages, 6132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Red and Blue Light on the Growth, Photosynthesis, and Subsequent Growth under Fluctuating Light of Cucumber Seedlings

by Tengqi Wang, Qiying Sun, Yinjian Zheng, Yaliang Xu, Binbin Liu and Qingming Li

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1668; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121668 - 16 Jun 2024

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Abstract

The effects of red and blue light on growth and steady-state photosynthesis have been widely studied, but there are few studies focusing on dynamic photosynthesis and the effects of LED pre-treatment on cucumber seedlings’ growth, so in this study, cucumber (Cucumis sativus [...] Read more.

The effects of red and blue light on growth and steady-state photosynthesis have been widely studied, but there are few studies focusing on dynamic photosynthesis and the effects of LED pre-treatment on cucumber seedlings’ growth, so in this study, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinyou 365) was chosen as the test material. White light (W), monochromatic red light (R), monochromatic blue light (B), and mixed red and blue lights with different red-to-blue ratios (9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 1:9) were set to explore the effects of red and blue light on cucumber seedlings’ growth, steady-state photosynthesis, dynamic photosynthesis, and subsequent growth under fluctuating light. The results showed that compared with R and B, mixed red and blue light was more suitable for cucumber seedlings’ growth, and the increased blue light ratios would decrease the biomass of cucumber seedlings under mixed red and blue light; cucumber seedlings under 90% red and 10% blue mixed light (9R1B) grew better than other treatments. For steady-state photosynthesis, blue light decreased the actual net photosynthetic rate but increased the maximum photosynthetic capacity by promoting stomatal development and opening; 9R1B exhibited higher actual net photosynthetic rate, but the maximum photosynthetic capacity was low. For dynamic photosynthesis, the induction rate of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were also accelerated by blue light. For subsequent growth under fluctuating light, higher maximum photosynthetic capacity and photoinduction rate could not promote the growth of cucumber seedlings under subsequent fluctuating light, while seedlings pre-treated with 9R1B and B grew better under subsequent fluctuating light due to the high plant height and leaf area. Overall, cucumber seedlings treated with 9R1B exhibited the highest biomass and it grew better under subsequent fluctuating light due to the higher actual net photosynthetic rate, plant height, and leaf area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light and Its Influence on the Growth and Quality of Plants)

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10 pages, 4320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associative Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Increase Drought Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.) through Morphoanatomical, Physiological, and Biochemical Changes

by Angélica Nunes Tiepo, Mateus Henrique Fávaro, Talita Silveira Amador, Leonardo Fernandes Tavares, Mariana Fernandes Hertel, Anderson Kikuchi Calzavara, André Luiz Martinez de Oliveira, Halley Caixeta Oliveira, Jaqueline Dias-Pereira, Hugo Humberto de Araújo, Edmilson Bianchini, José Antonio Pimenta and Renata Stolf-Moreira

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1667; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121667 - 16 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Water deficiency has been recognized as a major abiotic stress that causes losses in maize crops around the world. The maize crop is very important due to the range of products that are derived from this plant. A potential way to reduce the [...] Read more.

Water deficiency has been recognized as a major abiotic stress that causes losses in maize crops around the world. The maize crop is very important due to the range of products that are derived from this plant. A potential way to reduce the damages caused by water deficiency in maize crops is through the association with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). To define the mechanisms developed by associative PGPB and AMF in maize that are involved in protection against moderate drought (MD), this study evaluated the biometrical, anatomical, biochemical, and physiological parameters of maize grown under MD and inoculated with different PGPB (Azospirillum brasilense strain Ab-V5 and Bacillus sp. strain ZK) and with AMF. The relative water content did not change in the treatments. The association with ZK increased the shoot:total ratio, total dry weight, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, vascular cylinder thickness, and vascular cylinder area. The Ab-V5 inoculation led to an increment in root dry weight, the area of metaxylem vessel elements, and nitrate reductase activity. The AMF association did not lead to changes in the measured parameters. The results indicate that the association with PGPB is a relevant alternative to contribute to reducing losses in maize crops under drought. However, AMF is not indicated for this crop under drought. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Soil Interaction Response to Global Change)

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17 pages, 3167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drought Has a Greater Negative Effect on the Growth of the C₃ Chenopodium quinoa Crop Halophyte than Elevated CO₂ and/or High Temperature

by Zulfira Rakhmankulova, Elena Shuyskaya, Maria Prokofieva, Kristina Toderich, Luizat Saidova, Nina Lunkova and Pavel Voronin

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1666; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121666 - 16 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Plant growth and productivity are predicted to be affected by rising CO₂ concentrations, drought and temperature stress. The C₃ crop model in a changing climate is Chenopodium quinoa Willd—a protein-rich pseudohalphyte (Amaranthaceae). Morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular genetic studies were performed on [...] Read more.

Plant growth and productivity are predicted to be affected by rising CO₂ concentrations, drought and temperature stress. The C₃ crop model in a changing climate is Chenopodium quinoa Willd—a protein-rich pseudohalphyte (Amaranthaceae). Morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular genetic studies were performed on quinoa grown at ambient (400 ppm, aCO₂) and elevated (800 ppm, eCO₂) CO₂ concentrations, drought (D) and/or high temperature (eT) treatments. Among the single factors, drought caused the greatest stress response, inducing disturbances in the light and dark photosynthesis reactions (PSII, apparent photosynthesis) and increasing oxidative stress (MDA). Futhermore, compensation mechanisms played an important protective role against eT or eCO₂. The disruption of the PSII function was accompanied by the activation of the expression of PGR5, a gene of PSI cyclic electron transport (CET). Wherein under these conditions, the constant Rubisco content was maintained due to an increase in its biosynthesis, which was confirmed by the activation of rbcL gene expression. In addition, the combined stress treatments D+eT and eCO₂+D+eT caused the greatest negative effect, as measured by increased oxidative stress, decreased water use efficiency, and the functioning of protective mechanisms, such as photorespiration and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, decreased PSII efficiency and increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were not accompanied by the activation of protective mechanisms involving PSI CET. In summary, results show that the greatest stress experienced by C. quinoa plants was caused by drought and the combined stresses D+eT and eCO₂+D+eT. Thus, drought consistently played a decisive role, leading to increased oxidative stress and a decrease in defense mechanism effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Ecophysiological Adaptation to Environmental Stress II)

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11 pages, 4156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Cutting Styles on Physiological Properties in Fresh-Cut Carrots

by Ning Zhou, Sen Ma, Minwei Zhang and Jiayi Wang

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1665; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121665 - 16 Jun 2024

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Abstract

With the internationalization of Chinese culture, ready-to-cook Chinese food has become popular. Vegetables in Chinese preparations are usually cut into slices, cubes, and shreds. Carrots, as a typical Chinese side dish, were selected as the model in this work. The polyphenol content, antioxidant [...] Read more.

With the internationalization of Chinese culture, ready-to-cook Chinese food has become popular. Vegetables in Chinese preparations are usually cut into slices, cubes, and shreds. Carrots, as a typical Chinese side dish, were selected as the model in this work. The polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity, O₂⁻, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, lignin, antioxidant enzymes, and other enzymes activities were analyzed. The results indicated that these parameters were insignificantly different between three cutting styles. Therefore, metabolomics is further employed. Pathway enrichment indicated that glyceollin II and 6″-malonylgenistin were metabolites particularly expressed in the isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway; (+)-gallocatechin, trans-chlorogenic acid, and (−)-epiafzelechin were specifically identified in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway after slicing; and shredding caused the expression of coniferyl aldehyde and eugenol, which were specifically expressed in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. These results indicate that different cutting styles do not change the physiological indicators of carrots but induce the expression of specific metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Quality and Physiology of Fruits)

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15 pages, 1938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Lettuce Yield through Innovative Foliar Spray of Biopolymers Derived from Municipal Biowastes

by Ferdinando Fragalà, Erika Salvagno, Emanuele La Bella, Rossella Saccone, Elio Padoan, Enzo Montoneri, Jennifer Miccichè, Daniela Ferrarello, Andrea Baglieri and Ivana Puglisi

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1664; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121664 - 16 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Municipal waste biomass could be valorized as an alternative feedstock to produce compounds beneficial for agricultural applications. The foliar spray application of biostimulants emerges as a promising and innovative technique due to its environmental safety and ability to enhance crop yields. In recent [...] Read more.

Municipal waste biomass could be valorized as an alternative feedstock to produce compounds beneficial for agricultural applications. The foliar spray application of biostimulants emerges as a promising and innovative technique due to its environmental safety and ability to enhance crop yields. In recent years, the exploitation of biopolymers obtained through alkaline hydrolysis of the solid anaerobic digestate from municipal biowastes has attracted researchers’ interest. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects on lettuce growth of a product obtained through alkaline hydrolysis from municipal biowaste, Biopolymers (BPs), and of a derivate subjected to a further oxidation process, Biopolymers Oxidate (BPs OX). The effects of the treatments at various concentrations were evaluated by monitoring plant growth and observing the trends in the activities of the main enzymes involved in the nitrogen metabolic pathway of lettuce. Results suggest that the best treatments in terms of fresh weight were achieved by using BPs at 10 mg/L and BPs OX at 100 mg/L, increasing yield by around 28% and 34%, respectively. The innovative aspect of this work was to make easier for farmers the biopolymers application by testing a foliar spray methodology for BPs and BPs OX, which has never been tested before in any crop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants)

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18 pages, 2121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Quantitative Trait Locus with a Major Effect on Root-Lesion Nematode Resistance in Barley

by Diane Mather, Elysia Vassos, Jason Sheedy, Wenbin Guo and Alan McKay

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1663; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121663 - 15 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Although the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei is known to affect barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), there have been no reports on the genetic control of P. thornei resistance in barley. In this research, P. thornei resistance was assessed for a panel of 46 [...] Read more.

Although the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei is known to affect barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), there have been no reports on the genetic control of P. thornei resistance in barley. In this research, P. thornei resistance was assessed for a panel of 46 barley mapping parents and for two mapping populations (Arapiles/Franklin and Denar/Baudin). With both populations, a highly significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) was mapped at the same position on the long arm of chromosome 7H. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this region were anchored to an RGT Planet pan-genome assembly and assayed on the mapping parents and other barley varieties. The results indicate that Arapiles, Denar, RGT Planet and several other varieties likely have the same resistance gene on chromosome 7H. Marker assays reported here could be used to select for P. thornei resistance in barley breeding. Analysis of existing barley pan-genomic and pan-transcriptomic data provided a list of candidate genes along with information on the expression and differential expression of some of those genes in barley root tissue. Further research is required to identify a specific barley gene that affects root-lesion nematode resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Barley Genomics, Genetics, and Breeding)

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18 pages, 744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Testing a Simulation Model for the Response of Tomato Fruit Quality Formation to Temperature and Light in Solar Greenhouses

by Yongdong Qin, Ao Gong, Xigang Liu, Nan Li, Tuo Ji, Jing Li and Fengjuan Yang

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1662; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121662 - 15 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Temperature and light are the key factors affecting the formation of tomato fruit quality in greenhouse cultivation. However, there are few simulation models that examine the relationship between tomato fruit quality formation and temperature and light. In this study, a model was established [...] Read more.

Temperature and light are the key factors affecting the formation of tomato fruit quality in greenhouse cultivation. However, there are few simulation models that examine the relationship between tomato fruit quality formation and temperature and light. In this study, a model was established that investigated the relationships between soluble sugar (SSC), organic acid content (OAC), and SSC/OAC and the cumulative product of thermal effectiveness and photosynthetically active radiation (TEP) during the fruit-ripening period in a solar greenhouse. The root mean square error (RMSE) values were calculated to compare the consistency between the simulated and measured values, and the RMSE values for SSC, OAC, and SSC/OAC were 0.09%, 0.14%, and 0.358, respectively. The combined weights of quality indicators were obtained using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weighting method, ranking as SSC > OAC > SSC/OAC > CI > lycopene > Vc > fruit firmness. The comprehensive fruit quality evaluation value was obtained using the TOPSIS method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) and a simulation model between comprehensive tomato fruit quality and TEP was explored. This study could accurately simulate and quantify the accumulation of tomato fruit quality during fruit ripening in response to environmental conditions in a solar greenhouse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protected Cultivation of Horticultural Crops: Advances and Sustainability)

19 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Study on the Differentiation of Flower Buds and the Embryological Stages of Male and Female Floral Organs in Lespedeza davurica (Laxm.) Schindl. cv. JinNong (Fabaceae)

by Lirong Tong and Juan Wang

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1661; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121661 - 15 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Lespedeza davurica (Laxm.) is a leguminous plant with significant ecological benefits, but its embryonic development mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the flower bud differentiation, megaspore and microspore formation, gametophyte development, and embryo and endosperm development in L. davurica. Our aim was to [...] Read more.

Lespedeza davurica (Laxm.) is a leguminous plant with significant ecological benefits, but its embryonic development mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the flower bud differentiation, megaspore and microspore formation, gametophyte development, and embryo and endosperm development in L. davurica. Our aim was to elucidate the relationship between the external morphology and internal development processes of male and female floral organs during growth, as well as the reproductive factors influencing fruiting. The results indicated that although the pistil develops later than the stamen during flower bud differentiation, both organs mature synchronously before flowering. L. davurica pollen exhibits three germination grooves, a reticulate outer wall, and papillary structures on the anther surface. In vivo pollination experiments revealed abnormal spiral growth of L. davurica pollen tubes within the style and the occurrence of callus plugs, which may reduce the seed setting rate. The anther wall development follows the dicotyledonous type, with tetrads formed through microspore meiosis exhibiting both left–right symmetry and tetrahedral arrangements. L. davurica has a single ovule, and the embryo sac develops in the monosporic polygonum type. After dormancy, the zygote undergoes multiple divisions, progressing through spherical, heart-shaped, and torpedo-shaped embryo stages, culminating in a mature embryo. A mature seed comprises cotyledons, hypocotyl, embryo, radicle, and seed coat. Phylogenetic tree analysis reveals a close genetic relationship between L. davurica and other leguminous plants from the genera Lespedeza and Medicago. This study provides valuable insights into the regulation of flowering and hybrid breeding in leguminous plants and offers a new perspective on the development of floral organs and seed setting rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Reproduction and Embryonic Development)

10 pages, 2422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Functional Characterization of MaGS2 and Its Role as a Negative Regulator of Ciboria shiraiana

by Keermula Yidilisi, Yuqiong Wang, Zixuan Guo, Yangyang Guo, Xiaoru Kang, Shan Li, Wenhao Zhang, Nan Chao and Li Liu

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1660; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121660 - 15 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism. GS can be divided into cytosolic and plastidic subtypes and has been reported to respond to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little research has been reported on the function of GS [...] Read more.

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism. GS can be divided into cytosolic and plastidic subtypes and has been reported to respond to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little research has been reported on the function of GS in mulberry. In this study, the full length of MaGS2 was cloned, resulting in 1302 bp encoding 433 amino acid residues. MaGS2 carried the typical GS2 motifs and clustered with plastidic-subtype GSs in the phylogenetic analysis. MaGS2 localized in chloroplasts, demonstrating that MaGS2 is a plastidic GS. The expression profile showed that MaGS2 is highly expressed in sclerotiniose pathogen-infected fruit and sclerotiniose-resistant fruit, demonstrating that MaGS2 is associated with the response to sclerotiniose in mulberry. Furthermore, the overexpression of MaGS2 in tobacco decreased the resistance against Ciboria shiraiana, and the knockdown of MaGS2 in mulberry by VIGS increased the resistance against C. shiraiana, demonstrating the role of MaGS2 as a negative regulator of mulberry resistance to C. shiraiana infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Pathogen Molecular Interactions: Evolution, Mechanisms and Agricultural Implementation)

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16 pages, 4447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Intrinsic Ecological Mechanisms of Leaf Nutrient Resorption in Temperate Deciduous Trees

by Xingchang Wang, Yanmin Guo, Qi Wang, Jun Pan, Xiankui Quan, Jiacun Gu and Chuankuan Wang

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1659; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121659 - 15 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Leaf nutrient resorption is a critical process in plant nutrient conservation during leaf senescence. However, the ecological mechanisms underlying the large variability in nitrogen (NRE) and phosphorous (PRE) resorption efficiencies among trees remain poorly understood. We conducted a comprehensive study on NRE and [...] Read more.

Leaf nutrient resorption is a critical process in plant nutrient conservation during leaf senescence. However, the ecological mechanisms underlying the large variability in nitrogen (NRE) and phosphorous (PRE) resorption efficiencies among trees remain poorly understood. We conducted a comprehensive study on NRE and PRE variability using 61 tree individuals of 10 temperate broad-leaved tree species. Three potentially interrelated intrinsic ecological mechanisms (i.e., leaf senescence phenology, leaf pigments, and energy residual) were verified. We found that a delayed leaf senescence date, increased degradation of chlorophylls and carotenoids, biosynthesis of anthocyanins, and reduced nonstructural carbohydrates were all positively correlated with NRE and PRE at the individual tree level. The intrinsic factors affecting resorption efficiency were ranked in decreasing order of importance: leaf pigments > energy residual > senescence phenology. These factors explained more variability in NRE than in PRE. Our findings highlight the significance of these three ecological mechanisms in leaf nutrient resorption and have important implications for understanding how nutrient resorption responds to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plants Nutrients, 2nd Volume)

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20 pages, 3895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Different Phenotypic, Photosynthetic, and Physiological Responses to Flooding between Q. nuttallii and Q. palustris

by Tiantian Sun, Mengzhu Wang, Xin Li, Yongxia Chen and Wangxiang Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1658; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13121658 - 15 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Flooding stress is an increasingly serious problem in wetlands, often affecting large areas of crops and timber production areas. The current study aimed to explore the species differences in responses to flooding stress between Q. nuttallii and Q. palustris in an outdoor environment. [...] Read more.

Flooding stress is an increasingly serious problem in wetlands, often affecting large areas of crops and timber production areas. The current study aimed to explore the species differences in responses to flooding stress between Q. nuttallii and Q. palustris in an outdoor environment. All the tested plants survived after a 60-day flooding treatment that left 5 cm of water above the soil surface. This suggests that the two species are flood-tolerant, so they can be applied in the construction of riparian protection forests and wetland restoration. Compared with control conditions, flooding treatment significantly decreased seedling height and diameter and the P_n, G_s, T_r, F_v/F_m, ABS/CS_m, TR₀/CS_m, ET₀/CS_m, RE₀/CS_m, IAA, and GA₃ content and significantly increased the content of MDA, H₂O₂, soluble sugars, SOD, POD, ADH, ABA, and JA. Under control conditions, Q. nuttallii showed significantly greater growth and photosynthetic capability than Q. palustris. In contrast, Q. palustris exhibited less inhibition of growth and photosynthesis, oxidative stress levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities than Q. nuttallii under flooding conditions. The findings indicate that Q. palustris has better defense mechanisms against the damage caused by flooding stress than Q. nuttallii. Q. nuttallii was more sensitive and responsive to flooding than Q. palustris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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Plants, Volume 13, Issue 12 (June-2 2024) – 106 articles

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