A Novel Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Detection of the Antidepressant Drug, Venlafaxine, in Water and Biological Specimens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment
2.1. Reagent and Apparatus
2.2. Catalyst Preparation
2.3. Electrode Modification
2.4. Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Electrochemical Characterization
Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Analysis of the Targeted Analyte
3.2. Optimization of the Experimental Parameters
3.2.1. Influence of the Supporting Electrolyte and pH
3.2.2. Influence of the Deposition Potential and Deposition Time
3.3. Analytical Characterization
3.3.1. Repeatability, Stability, and Reproducibility of Co–Pd@Al2O3/GCE
3.3.2. Interference Study
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Manjula, N.; Pulikkutty, S.; Chen, T.W.; Chen, S.M.; Liu, X. Hexagon prism-shaped cerium ferrite embedded on GC electrode for electrochemical detection of antibiotic drug ofloxacin in biological sample. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2021, 627, 127129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aramesh Boroujeni, Z.; Aghbalaghi, Z.A. Electrochemical determination venlafaxine at NiO/GR nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode. Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 2021, 40, 1042–1053. [Google Scholar]
- Rezvani Jalal, N.; Mehrbod, P.; Shojaei, S.; Labouta, H.I.; Mokarram, P.; Afkhami, A.; Madrakian, T.; Los, M.J.; Schaafsma, D.; Giersig, M.; et al. Magnetic nanomaterials in microfluidic sensors for virus detection: A review. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2021, 4, 4307–4328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maddah, B.; Cheraghveisi, M.; Najafi, M. Developing a modified electrode based on La3+/Co3O4Nanocubes and its usage to electrochemical detection of venlafaxine. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2020, 100, 121–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Kashef, D.H.; Sharawy, M.H. Venlafaxine mitigates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via down-regulating apoptotic pathway in rats. Chem. Biol. Intract. 2018, 290, 110–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thompson, W.A.; Arnold, V.I.; Vijayan, M.M. Venlafaxine in embryos stimulates neurogenesis and disrupts larval behavior in zebrafish. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 21, 12889–12897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Parrott, J.L.; Metcalfe, C.D. Assessing the effects of the antidepressant venlafaxine to fathead minnows exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations over a full life cycle. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 229, 403–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zucker, I.; Mamane, H.; Riani, A.; Gozlan, I.; Avisar, D. Formation and degradation of N-oxide venlafaxine during ozonation and biological post-treatment. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 619, 578–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fard, N.T.; Tadayon, F.; Panahi, H.A.; Moniri, E. The synthesis of functionalized graphene oxide by polyester dendrimer as a pH-sensitive nanocarrier for targeted delivery of venlafaxine hydrochloride: Central composite design optimization. J. Mol. Liq. 2022, 349, 118149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Norouzi, P.; Larijani, B.; Alizadeh, T.; Pourbasheer, E.; Aghazadeh, M.; Ganjali, M.R. Application of advanced electrochemical methods with nanomaterial-based electrodes as powerful tools for trace analysis of drugs and toxic compounds. Curr. Anal. Chem. 2019, 2, 143–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matoga, M.; Pehourcq, F.; Titier, K.; Dumora, F.; Jarry, C. Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic measurement of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human plasma: Application to management of acute intoxications. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 2001, 760, 213–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mandrioli, R.; Mercolini, L.; Cesta, R.; Fanali, S.; Amore, M.; Raggi, M.A. Analysis of the second generation antidepressant venlafaxine and its main active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human plasma by HPLC with spectrofluorimetric detection. J. Chromatogr. B 2007, 856, 88–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhatt, J.; Jangid, A.; Venkatesh, G.; Subbaiah, G.; Singh, S. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) method for simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and its active metabolite O-desmethyl venlafaxine in human plasma. J. Chromatogr. B 2005, 829, 75–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mastrogianni, O.; Theodoridis, G.; Spagou, K.; Violante, D.; Henriques, T.; Pouliopoulos, A.; Raikos, N. Determination of venlafaxine in post-mortem whole blood by HS-SPME and GC-NPD. Forensic Sci. Int. 2012, 215, 105–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Madrakian, T.; Haryani, R.; Ahmadi, M.; Afkhami, A. Spectrofluorometric determination of venlafaxine in biological samples after selective extraction on the superparamagnetic surface molecularly imprinted nanoparticles. Anal. Method. 2015, 7, 428–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, C.; Xiao, Y. Negatively charged cyclodextrins: Synthesis and applications in chiral analysis—A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 256, 117517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martins, F.C.; Pimenta, L.C.; De Souza, D. Antidepressants determination using an electroanalytical approach: A review of methods. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2021, 206, 114365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mobin, S.M.; Sanghavi, B.J.; Srivastava, A.K.; Mathur, P.; Lahiri, G.K. Biomimetic sensor for certain phenols employing a copper (II) complex. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 5983–5992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanghavi, B.J.; Srivastava, A.K. Simultaneous voltammetric determination of acetaminophen, aspirin and caffeine using an in situ surfactant-modified multiwalled carbon nanotube paste electrode. Electrochim. Acta. 2010, 55, 8638–8648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gadhari, N.S.; Sanghavi, B.J.; Karna, S.P.; Srivastava, A.K. Potentiometric stripping analysis of bismuth based on carbon paste electrode modified with cryptand [2.2.1] and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 56, 627–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Görög, S. The changing face of pharmaceutical analysis. Trends Anal. Chem. 2007, 26, 12–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanghavi, B.J.; Srivastava, A.K. Adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetric determination of venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine employing Nafion–carbon nanotube composite glassy carbon electrode. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 4188–4196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aftab, S.; Kurbanoglu, S.; Ozcelikay, G.; Bakirhan, N.K.; Shah, A.; Ozkan, S.A. Carbon quantum dots co-catalyzed with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and silver nanoparticles modified nanosensor for the electrochemical assay of anti-HIV drug Rilpivirine. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2019, 285, 571–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zen, J.M.; Senthil Kumar, A.; Tsai, D.M. Recent updates of chemically modified electrodes in analytical chemistry. Electroanalysis 2003, 15, 1073–1087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, J.; Tao, J.; Su, L.; Wang, J.; Jiao, T. A Critical Review of Carbon Quantum Dots: From Synthesis toward Applications in Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of a Depression-Related Neurotransmitter. Materials 2021, 14, 3987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shah, A.; Akhtar, M.; Aftab, S.; Shah, A.H.; Kraatz, H.B. Gold copper alloy nanoparticles (Au-Cu NPs) modified electrode as an enhanced electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of persistent toxic organic pollutants. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 241, 281–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oyama, M. Recent nanoarchitectures in metal nanoparticle-modified electrodes for electroanalysis. Anal. Sci. 2010, 26, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gao, J.; Fu, L.J.; Zhang, H.P.; Yang, L.C.; Wu, Y.P. Improving electrochemical performance of graphitic carbon in PC-based electrolyte by nano-TiO2 coating. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 2376–2379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raj, N.; Crooks, R.M. Detection Efficiency of Ag Nanoparticle Labels for a Heart Failure Marker Using Linear and Square-Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. Biosensors 2022, 4, 203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, C.; Li, H.; Li, S.; Wu, J.; Zhang, Z. Surface molecular self assembly for organophosphate pesticide imprinting in electropolymerized poly (paminothiophenol) membranes on a gold nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 241–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, X.; Fei, J.; Chen, X.; Yi, L.; Ge, F.; Huang, M. Electrochemical analysis of trifluralin using a nanostructuring electrode with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 3, 1015–1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Uygun, Z.O.; Dilgin, Y. A novel impedimetric sensor based on molecularly imprinted polypyrrole modified pencil graphite electrode for trace level determination of chlorpyrifos. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2013, 188, 78–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, L.; Lee, K.; Zhang, J. Effect of synthetic reducing agents on morphology and ORR activity of carbon-supported nano-Pd–Co alloy electrocatalysts. Electrochim. Acta 2007, 52, 7964–7971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Welch, C.M.; Compton, R.G. The use of nanoparticles in electroanalysis: A review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2006, 384, 601–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Firdous, N.; Janjua, N.K. CoPtx/γ-Al2O3 bimetallic nanoalloys as promising catalysts for hydrazine electrooxidation. Heliyon 2019, 5, e01380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, D.; Li, Y. Bimetallic nanocrystals: Liquid-phase synthesis and catalytic applications. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 1044–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, R.J.; Luque, R.; Budarin, V.L.; Clark, J.H.; Macquarrie, D.J. Supported metal nanoparticles on porous materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 481–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trueba, M.; Trasatti, S.P. γ-Alumina as a support for catalysts: A review of fundamental aspects. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2005, 2005, 3393–3403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Windmiller, J.R.; Bandodkar, A.J.; Parkhomovsky, S.; Wang, J. Stamp transfer electrodes for electrochemical sensing on non-planar and oversized surfaces. Analyst 2012, 137, 1570–1575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, S.; Kuwana, T. Activation of glassy carbon electrodes by dispersed metal oxide particles: I. ascorbic acid oxidation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1984, 131, 813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chowdhury, S.R.; Ghosh, S.; Bhattachrya, S.K. Enhanced and synergistic catalysis of one-pot synthesized palladium-nickel alloy nanoparticles for anodic oxidation of methanol in alkali. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 250, 124–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.; Xie, C.; Li, S.; Xu, K. Electropolymerized molecular imprinting on gold nanoparticle-carbon nanotube modified electrode for electrochemical detection of triazophos. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2012, 89, 175–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dequaire, M.; Degrand, C.; Limoges, B. An electrochemical metalloimmunoassay based on a colloidal gold label. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 5521–5528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tominaga, M.; Taema, Y.; Taniguchi, I. Electrocatalytic glucose oxidation at bimetallic gold–copper nanoparticle-modified carbon electrodes in alkaline solution. J. Electroanal. Chem 2008, 624, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dervisevic, M.; Dervisevic, E.; Çevik, E.; Şenel, M. Novel electrochemical xanthine biosensor based on chitosan–polypyrrole–gold nanoparticles hybrid bio-nanocomposite platform. J. Food Drug Anal. 2017, 25, 510–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hosseini, M.; Jafarian, T.; Rostami, M.; Gobal, F. A low cost and highly active non-noble alloy electrocatalyst for hydrazine oxidation based on nickel ternary alloy at the surface of graphite electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2016, 763, 134–140. [Google Scholar]
- Tamašauskaitė-Tamašiūnaitė, L.; Rakauskas, J.; Balčiūnaitė, A.; Zabielaitė, A.; Vaičiūnienė, J.; Selskis, A.; Norkus, E. Gold–nickel/titania nanotubes as electrocatalysts for hydrazine oxidation. J. Power Sources 2014, 272, 362–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, S.; Ma, Y.; Jian, G.; Tao, H.; Wang, X.; Fan, Y.; Chen, Y. Facile construction of Pt–Co/CNx nanotube electrocatalysts and their application to the oxygen reduction reaction. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 4953–4956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jahani, P.M.; Javar, H.A.; Mahmoudi-Moghaddam, H. A new electrochemical sensor based on Europium-doped NiO nanocomposite for detection of venlafaxine. Measurement 2021, 173, 108616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaimbashi, R.; Mostafavi, A.; Shamspur, T. ZnO nanoflower based electrochemical sensor for the selective determination of venlafaxine. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 2021, 19, 1329–1337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, H.; Temerk, Y. Novel sensor for sensitive electrochemical determination of luteolin based on In2O3 nanoparticles modified glassy carbon paste electrode. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2015, 206, 744–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beitollahi, H.; Jahani, S.; Tajik, S.; Ganjali, M.R.; Faridbod, F.; Alizadeh, T. Voltammetric determination of venlafaxine as an antidepressant drug employing Gd2O3 nanoparticles graphite screen printed electrode. J. Rare Earths 2019, 37, 322–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parida, K.M.; Pradhan, A.C.; Das, J.; Sahu, N. Synthesis and characterization of nano-sized porous gamma-alumina by control precipitation method. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2009, 113, 244–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, Y.; Kang, Q.; Zhang, J.; Dai, H.B.; Wang, P. High-performance nickel–platinum nanocatalyst supported on mesoporous alumina for hydrogen generation from hydrous hydrazine. J. Power Sources 2015, 273, 554–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Xu, X.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, D.; Yuan, J.; Liu, J. Multifunctional Metal Phosphides as Superior Host Materials for Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Eur. J. Chem. 2021, 27, 13494–13512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naik, B.; Prasad, V.S.; Ghosh, N.N. Development of a simple aqueous solution based chemical method for synthesis of mesoporous γ-alumina powders with disordered pore structure. J. Porous Mater. 2010, 17, 115–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rudaz, S.; Stella, C.; Balant-Gorgia, A.E.; Fanali, S.; Veuthey, J.L. Simultaneous stereoselective analysis of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine enantiomers in clinical samples by capillary electrophoresis using charged cyclodextrins. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2000, 23, 107–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaze, V.D.; Srivastava, A.K. Electrochemical behavior of folic acid at calixarene based chemically modified electrodes and its determination by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Electrochim. Acta 2007, 53, 1713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toan, T.T.T.; Dao, A.Q.; Vasseghian, Y. A state-of-the-art review on the nanomaterial-based sensor for detection of venlafaxine. Chemosphere 2022, 297, 134116. [Google Scholar]
- Morais, S.; Ryckaert, C.P.; Delerue-Matos, C. Adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of venlafaxine in urine with a mercury film microelectrode. Anal. Lett. 2003, 36, 2515–2526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khalilzadeh, M.A.; Tajik, S.; Beitollahi, H.; Venditti, R.A. Green synthesis of magnetic nanocomposite with iron oxide deposited on cellulose nanocrystals with copper (Fe3O4@CNC/Cu): Investigation of catalytic activity for the development of a venlafaxine electrochemical sensor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2020, 59, 4219–4228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eslami, E.; Farjami, F. Voltammetric determination of venlafaxine by using multiwalled carbon nanotube-ionic liquid composite electrode. J. Appl. Chem. Res. 2018, 12, 42–52. [Google Scholar]
- Ding, L.; Li, L.; You, W.; Gao, Z.N.; Yang, T.L. Electrocatalytic oxidation of venlafaxine at a multiwall carbon nanotubes-ionic liquid gel modified glassy carbon electrode and its electrochemical determination. Croat. Chem. Acta 2015, 88, 81–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senturk, H.; Karadeniz, H.; Erdem, A. Recent Applications of Nanomaterials Based on Electrochemical Drug Analysis. Curr. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1215–1228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Electrodes | Linearity Range (µM) | Limit of Detection (µM) | References |
---|---|---|---|
La3+/Co3O4 nanocubes/SPE | 1–500 | 0.5 | [4] |
Eu3+ doped NiO/CPE | 0.04–300 | 0.01 | [49] |
NAF-CNT-GCE | 0.038–62.2 | 0.012 | [59] |
Mercury film microelectrode | 1.27–24.3 | 0.69 | [60] |
Fe3O4@CNC/Cu/GSPE | 0.05–600 | 0.01 | [61] |
MWCNT/CILE/CPE | 10–500 | 0.47 | [63] |
MWCNT-RTIL/GCE | 2–2000 | 1.69 | [64] |
Gd2O3/SPE | 5–900 | 0.21 | [52] |
Co–Pd@Al2O3/GCE | 1.95 nM–0.5 µM | 1.86 pM | Present work |
Interferents | VEN:Interferents | Recovery% ± RSD a |
---|---|---|
Citric Acid | 1:50 1:100 | 98.7% ± 0.45 99.0% ± 0.57 |
Glucose | 1:50 1:100 | 98.1% ± 0.39 98.3% ± 0.35 |
Ascorbic Acid | 1:50 1:100 | 97.1% ± 0.48 98.0% ± 0.43 |
Sucrose | 1:50 1:100 | 97.9% ± 0.46 98.1% ± 0.43 |
Uric Acid | 1:50 1:100 | 98.2% ± 0.49 98.7% ± 0.45 |
Sample | Before Addition | Added (µM) | Found (µM) | Recovery (%) ± RSD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | - | 0.50 | 0.490 | 98.0 ± 0.48 |
Sample 2 | - | 0.25 | 0.246 | 98.4 ± 0.49 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sultan, S.; Shah, A.; Firdous, N.; Nisar, J.; Ashiq, M.N.; Shah, I. A Novel Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Detection of the Antidepressant Drug, Venlafaxine, in Water and Biological Specimens. Chemosensors 2022, 10, 400. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors10100400
Sultan S, Shah A, Firdous N, Nisar J, Ashiq MN, Shah I. A Novel Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Detection of the Antidepressant Drug, Venlafaxine, in Water and Biological Specimens. Chemosensors. 2022; 10(10):400. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors10100400
Chicago/Turabian StyleSultan, Sundas, Afzal Shah, Naveeda Firdous, Jan Nisar, Muhammad Naeem Ashiq, and Iltaf Shah. 2022. "A Novel Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Detection of the Antidepressant Drug, Venlafaxine, in Water and Biological Specimens" Chemosensors 10, no. 10: 400. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors10100400