From Cytokine Storm to Cytokine Breeze: Did Lessons Learned from Immunopathogenesis Improve Immunomodulatory Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aspects of Host Response—How Specific Are They for COVID-19?
2.1. Genetic Point of View
2.2. Importance of Different Sepsis Endotypes
2.3. Complexity of Cytokine Response
2.4. Immunothrombosis as Coagulopathy
2.5. Endothelial and Microvascular Dysfunction
2.6. Immunosuppression in COVID-19
2.7. COVID-19 Post-Mortem Point of View—Evidence of MODS
3. Immunomodulatory Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19—Did We Learn the Lesson?
3.1. Corticosteroids for All COVID-19 ICU Patients?
3.2. Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIGS) as Adjunctive Therapy
3.3. Anti-IL-6 Therapy
3.4. Selective Janus Kinase (JAK) 1/2 Inhibitor—Baricitinib
3.5. Anti-IL-1 Therapy—Anakinra
3.6. Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Agents
3.7. Restoring Immune Response with Immunomodulators in the Fight against COVID-19
4. COVID-19 Pandemic Brought Basic and Therapy Trials into the Spotlight
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rondovic, G.; Djordjevic, D.; Udovicic, I.; Stanojevic, I.; Zeba, S.; Abazovic, T.; Vojvodic, D.; Abazovic, D.; Khan, W.; Surbatovic, M. From Cytokine Storm to Cytokine Breeze: Did Lessons Learned from Immunopathogenesis Improve Immunomodulatory Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19? Biomedicines 2022, 10, 2620. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines10102620
Rondovic G, Djordjevic D, Udovicic I, Stanojevic I, Zeba S, Abazovic T, Vojvodic D, Abazovic D, Khan W, Surbatovic M. From Cytokine Storm to Cytokine Breeze: Did Lessons Learned from Immunopathogenesis Improve Immunomodulatory Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19? Biomedicines. 2022; 10(10):2620. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines10102620
Chicago/Turabian StyleRondovic, Goran, Dragan Djordjevic, Ivo Udovicic, Ivan Stanojevic, Snjezana Zeba, Tanja Abazovic, Danilo Vojvodic, Dzihan Abazovic, Wasim Khan, and Maja Surbatovic. 2022. "From Cytokine Storm to Cytokine Breeze: Did Lessons Learned from Immunopathogenesis Improve Immunomodulatory Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19?" Biomedicines 10, no. 10: 2620. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines10102620