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Biomedicines
Volume 12
Issue 7
10.3390/biomedicines12071448
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Advanced and Metastatic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options

by
Zoe Gabrielle Attal
1,†,
Walid Shalata
2,*,†,
Arina Soklakova
1,
Lena Tourkey
1,
Sondos Shalata
3,
Omar Abu Saleh
4,
Fahed Abu Salamah
5,
Ibrahim Alatawneh
5 and
Alexander Yakobson
1
1
Medical School for International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
2
The Legacy Heritage Center, Dr Larry Norton Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
3
Nutrition Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 22000, Israel
4
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Emek Medical Centre, Afula 18341, Israel
5
Department of Dermatology, Soroka Medical Center and Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Biomedicines 2024, 12(7), 1448; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines12071448 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 20 May 2024 / Revised: 27 June 2024 / Accepted: 27 June 2024 / Published: 28 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Cell Death in Cancer Cells: A New Therapeutic Opportunity—2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) form the majority of skin cancers, with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) being the most common and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) being second. Prolonged ultraviolet (UV) exposure, aging, male gender, and immunosuppression represent most of the causes of this category of diseases. BCCs and cSCCs both include different types of skin cancers, such as nodular or morpheaform BCC or flat cSCC. Locally advanced and metastatic NMSCs cannot be treated surgically; thus, systemic therapy (TKI and Immunotherapy) is needed. Interestingly, NMSCs are frequently linked to abnormal Hedgehog (HH) signaling which most systemic immunotherapies for these cancers are based upon. Of note, the first line therapies of BCC, sonidegib and vismodegib, are HH inhibitors. Programmed death receptor 1 antibody (PD-1) inhibitors such as cemiplimab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab have been approved for the treatment of cSCC. Thus, this paper reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, and treatment options for both BCC and cSCC.
Keywords: non-melanoma skin cancers; basal cell carcinoma; cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; hedgehog; sonidegib; vismodegib; cemiplimab; pembrolizumab; nivolumab non-melanoma skin cancers; basal cell carcinoma; cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; hedgehog; sonidegib; vismodegib; cemiplimab; pembrolizumab; nivolumab

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MDPI and ACS Style

Attal, Z.G.; Shalata, W.; Soklakova, A.; Tourkey, L.; Shalata, S.; Abu Saleh, O.; Abu Salamah, F.; Alatawneh, I.; Yakobson, A. Advanced and Metastatic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1448. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines12071448

AMA Style

Attal ZG, Shalata W, Soklakova A, Tourkey L, Shalata S, Abu Saleh O, Abu Salamah F, Alatawneh I, Yakobson A. Advanced and Metastatic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(7):1448. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines12071448

Chicago/Turabian Style

Attal, Zoe Gabrielle, Walid Shalata, Arina Soklakova, Lena Tourkey, Sondos Shalata, Omar Abu Saleh, Fahed Abu Salamah, Ibrahim Alatawneh, and Alexander Yakobson. 2024. "Advanced and Metastatic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options" Biomedicines 12, no. 7: 1448. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines12071448

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