Evaluation of an Early Intervention Model for Child and Adolescent Victims of Interpersonal Violence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure in the OTC
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Sociodemographic and Trauma-Related Data
2.2.2. Mental Disorders According to ICD-10, Axis 1
2.2.3. Intervention-Related Data
2.2.4. Improvement of Psychological Symptoms
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Mental Disorders According to ICD-10
3.3. Drop out Analyses
3.4. Intervention-Related Data
3.4.1. Number of Sessions
3.4.2. Recommendation for Further Treatment
3.5. Analyses of Treatment Outcome
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample n = 377 | Age Groups | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–5 Years | 6–13 Years | 14–18 Years | ||||||
n = 74 | n = 169 | n = 134 | ||||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Type of traumatic event † | ||||||||
Sexual abuse | 133 | 35.50% | 15 | 23.40% | 56 | 33.10% | 62 | 46.30% |
Physical violence | 126 | 33.60% | 31 | 48.40% | 45 | 26.60% | 50 | 37.30% |
Witness of violence | 139 | 37.10% | 43 | 67.20% | 71 | 42.00% | 25 | 18.70% |
Interpersonal attack | 71 | 18.90% | 5 | 7.80% | 21 | 12.40% | 45 | 33.60% |
Other ‡ | 87 | 23.30% | 18 | 28.10% | 41 | 24.30% | 28 | 20.90% |
Frequency of trauma § | ||||||||
Single event | 232 | 61.50% | 27 | 42.20% | 97 | 57.40% | 108 | 80.60% |
Multiple events | 142 | 37.70% | 45 | 70.30% | 71 | 42.00% | 26 | 19.40% |
Offender | ||||||||
Close environment | 179 | 47.50% | 60 | 93.80% | 88 | 52.10% | 31 | 23.10% |
Broad environment | 59 | 15.60% | 4 | 6.30% | 26 | 15.40% | 29 | 21.60% |
Unknown person | 130 | 34.50% | 7 | 10.90% | 52 | 30.80% | 71 | 53.00% |
Unidentified | 9 | 2.40% | 3 | 4.70% | 3 | 1.80% | 3 | 2.20% |
Time span between trauma and first visit ¶ | ||||||||
M (SD) | 16.22 (23.79) | 14.40(18.5) | 14.03(17.7) | 19.14(29.97) | ||||
Median | 6 | 7.14 | 6 | 5.5 | ||||
Modus | 1.43 | 1.57 | 0.57 | 1.29 | ||||
range | 0.14–178.9 | 1–71.43 | 0.29–72.14 | 0.14–178.86 |
Total Sample n = 278 | Age 0–5 Years n = 49 | Age 6–13 Years n = 121 | Age 14–18 Years n = 108 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Stress-related disorders | ||||||||
PTSD (F43.1) | 115 | (41.7%) | 12 | (24.5%) | 49 | (40.5%) | 54 | (50.0%) |
Adjustment disorder (F43.2x) | 111 | (40.2%) | 17 | (34.7%) | 57 | (47.1%) | 37 | (34.3%) |
Acute reaction disorder (F43.0) | 7 | (2.5%) | 1 | (2.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 6 | (5.6%) |
Internalizing disorders | ||||||||
Depressive disorders (F32.x, F33.x, F34.x) | 28 | (10.1%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 11 | (9.1%) | 17 | (15.7%) |
Anxiety disorder (F40.x, F41.x) | 4 | (1.4%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 1 | (0.8%) | 3 | (2.8%) |
Emotional disorders (F93.x) | 19 | (6.9%) | 12 | (24.5%) | 6 | (5.0%) | 1 | (0.9%) |
Externalizing disorders | ||||||||
ADHD (F90.x) | 15 | (5.4%) | 4 | (8.2%) | 11 | (9.1%) | 0 | (0,0%) |
Conduct disorder (F91.x) | 19 | (6.9%) | 4 | (8.2%) | 11 | (9.1%) | 4 | (3.7%) |
Other disorders | ||||||||
Psychoactive substance use (F1x.x) | 9 | (3.3%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 3 | (2.5%) | 6 | (5.6%) |
Obsessive compulsive disorder (F42.x) | 3 | (1.1%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 1 | (0.8%) | 2 | (1.9%) |
Dissociation disorder (F44.x) | 3 | (1.1%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 1 | (0.8%) | 2 | (1.9%) |
Somatoform disorder (F45.x) | 5 | (1.8%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 1 | (0.8%) | 4 | (3.7%) |
Eating disorder (F50.x, F51.x) | 4 | (1.4%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 4 | (3.7%) |
Personality disorder (F60.x) | 10 | (3.6%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 1 | (0.8%) | 9 | (8.3%) |
Attachment disorder (F94.1, F94.2) | 7 | (2.5%) | 3 | (6.1%) | 4 | (3.3%) | 0 | (0.0%) |
Other disorder of social functions (F95) | 2 | (0.7%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 2 | (1.7%) | 0 | (0.0%) |
Enuresis/Encopresis (F98.0, F98.1) | 11 | (4.0%) | 2 | (4.1%) | 9 | (7.4%) | 0 | (0.0%) |
Other behavioral or emotional disorder (F98.8) | 6 | (2.2%) | 4 | (8.2%) | 1 | (0.8%) | 1 | (0.9%) |
Variable | Subgroup † | n | M | SD | Post Hoc 1 vs. 2 | Post Hoc 1 vs. 3 | Post Hoc 2 vs. 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MD | SE | 95% CI | MD | SE | 95% CI | MD | SE | 95% CI | ||||||
Time till first visit in weeks | 1 | Completers | 187 | 13.67 | 18.56 | 11.18 | 5.78 | −25.10–2.74 | −5.93 | 3.37 | −14.05–2.19 | 5.24 | 6.23 | −9.78–20.27 |
2 | Referrals | 18 | 24.85 | 28.24 | ||||||||||
3 | Decliners | 65 | 19.60 | 32.78 | ||||||||||
Number of sessions | 1 | Completers | 242 | 10.15 | 6.04 | 4.65 *** | 1.12 | 1.96–7.34 | 5.75 *** | 0.67 | 4.15–7.36 | 1.10 | 1.21 | −1.80–4.00 |
2 | Referrals | 26 | 5.50 | 3.46 | ||||||||||
3 | Decliners | 91 | 4.40 | 3.93 | ||||||||||
Time in treatment (months) | 1 | Completers | 243 | 7.51 | 5.85 | 3.67 ** | 1.11 | 0.99–6.34 | 4.79 *** | 0.66 | 3.21–6.38 | 1.12 | 1.20 | −1.75–4.01 |
2 | Referrals | 26 | 3.84 | 4.76 | ||||||||||
3 | Decliners | 92 | 2.72 | 4.13 | ||||||||||
Avoidance symptoms ‡ | 1 | Completers | 96 | 12.50 | 5.57 | −2.68 | 1.66 | −6.70–1.34 | −3.21 * | 1.19 | −6.09–−0.33 | −0.53 | 1.89 | −5.12–4.07 |
2 | Referrals | 11 | 15.18 | 4.22 | ||||||||||
3 | Decliners | 24 | 15.71 | 3.85 | ||||||||||
PTSD total score ‡ | 1 | Completers | 109 | 23.16 | 9.98 | −6.48 | 2.97 | −13.67–0.71 | −4.32 | 2.15 | −9.53–0.89 | 2.15 | 3.44 | −6.17–10.49 |
2 | Referrals | 11 | 29.64 | 5.78 | ||||||||||
3 | Decliners | 23 | 27.48 | 7.49 |
Improvement of Psychological Symptoms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | p | OR | 95% CI OR | |
Sociodemographic predictors | |||||
Female gender | −0.544 | 0.266 | 0.041 | 0.581 | 0.345–0.978 |
Trauma-related predictors | |||||
Multiple traumatic events | −0.976 | 0.282 | 0.001 | 0.377 | 0.217– 0.655 |
Sexual abuse | −0.852 | 0.287 | 0.003 | 0.427 | 0.243– 0.750 |
Intervention-related predictors | |||||
Number of sessions | −0.069 | 0.023 | 0.002 | 0.934 | 0.893–0.976 |
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Calvano, C.; Murray, E.; Bentz, L.; Bos, S.; Reiter, K.; Ihme, L.; Winter, S.M. Evaluation of an Early Intervention Model for Child and Adolescent Victims of Interpersonal Violence. Children 2021, 8, 941. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children8100941
Calvano C, Murray E, Bentz L, Bos S, Reiter K, Ihme L, Winter SM. Evaluation of an Early Intervention Model for Child and Adolescent Victims of Interpersonal Violence. Children. 2021; 8(10):941. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children8100941
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalvano, Claudia, Elena Murray, Lea Bentz, Sascha Bos, Kathrin Reiter, Loretta Ihme, and Sibylle M. Winter. 2021. "Evaluation of an Early Intervention Model for Child and Adolescent Victims of Interpersonal Violence" Children 8, no. 10: 941. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children8100941