Investigation of Age Gelation in UHT Milk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. General
2.2. Milk Parameters
2.3. Nitrogen and Mineral Analysis
2.4. Processing and Storage Conditions
2.5. Microbial Total Plate Count Analysis
2.6. Viscosity Measurements
2.7. Dynamic Light Scattering
2.8. Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM)
2.9. Plasmin Activity
2.10. pH Measurements
2.11. Microbial Population Analysis Using Metagenomics
2.11.1. Processing of 16s V4 amplicon DNA Sequences
2.11.2. Analysis of 16s V4 Sequences
2.12. Top-Down Proteomics Analysis by Liquid Chromatography–mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography–tandem Mass Spectrometry LC-MS/MS
3. Results
3.1. Milk Parameters
3.2. Protein Genetic Variant Differences
3.3. Plasmin Activity
3.4. Monitoring the Protein Solubility State
3.5. Dynamic Light Scattering and Rheology of Milk Samples
3.6. Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM)
3.7. Metagenomics Microbial Population Analysis
3.8. Top-Down Proteomics
- Appearance of the lactose-modified forms of the milk proteins immediately following UHT treatment.
- Decrease over time in the abundance of all the native intact milk proteins identified.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | κ-CN | β-CN | β-Lg | Age | Days in Lact | No. of Lact | 7 Day Milk | Protein% | Lactose % | Ca mg/kg | K mg/kg | Mg mg/kg | Na mg/kg | P mg/kg | pH | Casein Micelle Diameter nm | log CFU/mL | Plasmin Activity (nM AMC/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AA | A1A1 | AB | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 160 ± 27 | 3 ± 1 | 23.1 ± 4.7 | 3.17 | 4.97 | 1100 | 1530 | 110 | 460 | 990 | 6.66 | 192.4 | 5.82 ± 0.16 | 0.51 ± 0.07 |
2 | AA | A1A1 | BB | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 162 ± 32 | 3 ± 1 | 23.6 ± 4.9 | 3.16 | 5.32 | 1080 | 1580 | 110 | 450 | 1080 | 6.61 | 177.2 | 5.98 ± 0.04 | 0.40 ± 0.11 |
3 | AA | A1A2 | AB | 6.6 ± 1.9 | 175 ± 19 | 4 ± 2 | 22.1 ± 2.8 | 3.14 | 5.24 | 1120 | 1700 | 110 | 520 | 1070 | 6.67 | 185.5 | 5.14 ± 0.04 | 0.85 ± 0.08 |
4 | AA | A1A2 | BB | 6.4 ± 1.1 | 167 ± 28 | 4 ± 1 | 22.5 ± 1.9 | 3.22 | 5.38 | 1160 | 1520 | 100 | 510 | 1070 | 6.68 | 178.8 | 5.94 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 0.08 |
5 | AA | A2A2 | AB | 6.2 ± 1.6 | 175 ± 25 | 4 ± 1 | 23.4 ± 1.2 | 3.18 | 5.27 | 1160 | 1560 | 100 | 500 | 1040 | 6.68 | 185.6 | 6.23 ± 0.12 | 0.88 ± 0.08 |
6 | AA | A2A2 | BB | 6 ± 1.2 | 237 ± 154 | 3 ± 1 | 20.3 ± 5.5 | 3.13 | 5.18 | 1130 | 1670 | 110 | 540 | 1040 | 6.69 | 162 | 5.05 ± 0.05 | 0.80 ± 0.05 |
7 | AB | A1A1 | AB | 7.5 ± 0.7 | 337 ± 245 | 5 ± 3 | 19.5 ± 4.2 | 3.08 | 4.08 | 1150 | 1150 | 90 | 430 | 900 | 6.87 | 156.3 | 4.86 ± 0.13 | 1.91 ± 0.05 |
8 | AB | A1A1 | BB | 7 | 171 | 5 | 25.1 | 3.21 | 4.68 | 960 | 1340 | 90 | 550 | 960 | 6.68 | 161.4 | 5.00 ± 0.13 | 1.23 ± 0.06 |
9 | AB | A1A2 | AB | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 177 ± 27 | 4 ± 1 | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 3.17 | 5.11 | 1150 | 1430 | 100 | 560 | 1040 | 6.71 | 165.1 | 4.11 ± 0.05 | 2.39 ± 0.07 |
10 | AB | A1A2 | BB | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 172 ± 25 | 2 ± 0 | 20.0 ± 1.8 | 3.20 | 5.17 | 1220 | 1590 | 100 | 450 | 1100 | 6.72 | 170.2 | 5.81 ± 0.09 | 0.32 ± 0.08 |
11 | AB | A2A2 | AB | 5.8 ± 2.2 | 179 ± 17 | 3 ± 2 | 23.7 ± 4.5 | 3.24 | 5.20 | 1230 | 1510 | 100 | 490 | 1070 | 6.7 | 148.6 | 6.34 ± 0.03 | 0.77 ± 0.09 |
12 | AB | A2A2 | BB | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 239 ± 155 | 2 ± 0 | 20.3 ± 3.4 | 3.35 | 4.94 | 1030 | 1280 | 90 | 390 | 910 | 6.7 | 156.3 | 6.07 ± 0.05 | 0.16 ± 0.05 |
Proteoform | Mass | p-Values | Positive Correlation | Proteoform | Mass | p-Values | Negative Correlation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bLG [127–153] * | 3125.7 | 5.2 × 10−34 | 0.79 | ppc5.1 A1-2P [1–105] | 11,970.3 | 5.2 × 10−34 | −0.71 |
bCN-0P [190–206] * | 1928.1 | 5.2 × 10−34 | 0.73 | aS1CN B-8P-1L-1Ox | 23,940.4 | 5.2 × 10−34 | −0.69 |
bCN-0P-1L [125–138] | 1898.0 | 4.6 × 10−15 | 0.67 | aS1CN B-8P-1L | 23,924.4 | 8.3 × 10−13 | −0.62 |
bCN-0P-1Ox [37–59] | 2727.4 | 5.0 × 10−14 | 0.65 | aS1CN B-8P-1L-2Ox | 23,956.5 | 1.2 × 10−10 | −0.57 |
bCN-0P [133–161] * | 3364.9 | 1.2 × 10−13 | 0.64 | aS1CN B-8P-1Ox | 23,616.3 | 1.0 × 10−09 | −0.55 |
bCN-0P-1Ox [139–162] | 2810.4 | 2.3 × 10−13 | 0.63 | aS1CN B-8P-2Ox | 23,632.3 | 2.6 × 10−09 | −0.54 |
aS1CN B-0P [180–199] * | 2215.1 | 3.7 × 10−13 | 0.63 | aS1CN B-0P [158–199] * | 4650.2 | 4.6 × 10−06 | −0.43 |
bCN A2-0P [58–94] * | 3992.2 | 5.4 × 10−12 | 0.60 | aS1CN B-9P-1L | 24,004.4 | 1.4 × 10−05 | −0.42 |
bCN-0P-1Ox [162–206] | 5014.8 | 1.4 × 10−11 | 0.59 | aS1CN B-8P | 23,600.4 | 3.8 × 10−05 | −0.40 |
bCN-0P [127–138] * | 1359.8 | 2.5 × 10−11 | 0.59 | aS1CN B-8P [39–135] | 11,800.2 | 5.1 × 10−05 | −0.39 |
bCN-0P-1Ox [107–154] | 5604.0 | 4.2 × 10−11 | 0.58 | aS1CNB-8P-2Ox [39–135] | 11,832.3 | 2.0 × 10−04 | −0.37 |
bCN-0P [192–206] * | 1667.9 | 5.5 × 10−11 | 0.58 | bCN A2-5P-1Ox | 23,984.1 | 2.5 × 10−04 | −0.36 |
bCN-0P [139–161] * | 2695.4 | 1.4 × 10−10 | 0.57 | aS1CN B-0P [125–199] | 8633.3 | 6.6 × 10−04 | −0.34 |
bCN-0P-1Ox [96–138] | 4918.5 | 1.4 × 10−10 | 0.57 | aS1CN B-0P [1–34] * | 3981.2 | 7.3 × 10−04 | −0.34 |
bCN-0P [139–162] * | 2794.4 | 5.8 × 10−10 | 0.55 | bCN-0P [170–209] * | 4481.5 | 9.2 × 10−04 | −0.33 |
bCN-0P [107–154] | 5588.0 | 4.8 × 10−09 | 0.53 | g3CN-0P [108–209] | 11,551.1 | 9.8 × 10−04 | −0.33 |
bCN-0P [125–138] * | 1573.9 | 5.1 × 10−09 | 0.53 | aS1CNB-8P-1Ox [39–135] | 11,816.3 | 1.2 × 10−03 | −0.33 |
bCN-0P [162–206] * | 4998.8 | 5.4 × 10−08 | 0.50 | aS1CN B-9P-1Ox | 23,696.1 | 3.3 × 10−03 | −0.30 |
bCN-0P [37–59] * | 2711.4 | 3.2 × 10−07 | 0.48 | bLG B | 18,269.5 | 5.5 × 10−03 | −0.29 |
bCN-0P [190–209] * | 2253.3 | 3.4 × 10−07 | 0.48 | aS1CN B-7P [22–110] | 10,871.7 | 6.0 × 10−03 | −0.28 |
aLA B-1L | 14,501.0 | 1.4 × 10−06 | 0.45 | aS1CN B-0P [1–36] | 4238.3 | 7.0 × 10−03 | −0.28 |
bCN-0P [96–138] * | 4902.5 | 1.7 × 10−06 | 0.45 | aS1CN B-8P-2L | 24,248.6 | 7.0 × 10−03 | −0.28 |
bCN-0P-1L [106–138] | 4157.1 | 3.0 × 10−06 | 0.44 | aS1CN B-9P | 23,680.3 | 9.4 × 10−03 | −0.27 |
bCN A2-0P-1Ox [58–105] | 5176.8 | 4.2 × 10−06 | 0.44 | bCN-0P [177–209] * | 3720.0 | 1.0 × 10−02 | −0.27 |
bCN-0P-1Ox [108–138] | 3583.8 | 6.5 × 10−06 | 0.43 | aS1CN B-0P [1–33] * | 3853.1 | 1.2 × 10−02 | −0.26 |
bCN-0P [108–138] * | 3567.8 | 1.1 × 10−05 | 0.42 | aS1CN B-8P [22–109] | 10,822.8 | 2.0 × 10−02 | −0.24 |
aS1CN B-5P-1L [9–67] | 7350.4 | 5.6 × 10−05 | 0.39 | bCN A1-5P-1L–1Ox | 24,347.3 | 2.0 × 10−02 | −0.24 |
aS1CN B-2P-1L [24–63] | 4985.6 | 2.5 × 10−04 | 0.36 | bCN A1-5P-1L | 24,332.3 | 2.1 × 10−02 | −0.24 |
bCN-0P-1Ox [162–209] | 5340.0 | 3.7 × 10−04 | 0.35 | aS1CN B-7P [32–89] | 7051.0 | 2.1 × 10−02 | −0.24 |
bCN-0P [192–209] * | 1993.2 | 4.1 × 10−04 | 0.35 | kCN A-1P-1G(947.3D) | 19,971.9 | 2.3 × 10−02 | −0.24 |
aS2CN A-0P [71–117] | 5725.1 | 6.6 × 10−04 | 0.34 | g3CN-0P-1Ox [108–209] | 11,567.1 | 2.4 × 10−02 | −0.24 |
bCN-0P [106–138] * | 3833.0 | 1.4 × 10−03 | 0.32 | bLG B-1L | 18,593.7 | 2.4 × 10−02 | −0.24 |
aLA B [9–93] | 9707.9 | 1.4 × 10−03 | 0.32 | bCN A1-5P-1L-2Ox | 24,364.3 | 2.4 × 10−02 | −0.24 |
bCN-0P [139–164] * | 2994.5 | 2.1 × 10−03 | 0.31 | aS1CNB-8P-3Ox [39–135] | 11,848.3 | 3.0 × 10−02 | −0.23 |
bCN-0P [191–209] * | 2106.2 | 2.2 × 10−03 | 0.31 | bCN A1-5P | 24,007.3 | 3.7 × 10−02 | −0.22 |
bCN-0P [108–124] * | 2011.9 | 2.7 × 10−03 | 0.31 | kCN A-1P | 19,025.6 | 3.8 × 10−02 | −0.22 |
aS1CN B-0P [3–37] * | 4084.3 | 3.3 × 10−03 | 0.30 | bCN-0P [98–203] | 12,004.7 | 4.0 × 10−02 | −0.22 |
kCN A-0P [125–150] * | 2589.3 | 3.3 × 10−03 | 0.30 | aS1CN B-0P [1–38] * | 4451.5 | 4.4 × 10−02 | −0.21 |
bCN A2-0P [58–105] * | 5160.8 | 6.0 × 10−03 | 0.28 | bCN A1-5P-1Ox | 24,023.3 | 4.5 × 10−02 | −0.21 |
bCN-0P-1L [162–209] | 5648.1 | 6.5 × 10−03 | 0.28 | kCN A-1P-1L | 19,349.7 | 4.6 × 10−02 | −0.21 |
bLG A-2L | 19,003.8 | 7.0 × 10−03 | 0.28 | bCN-0P-1Ox [98–203] | 12,020.7 | 4.7 × 10−02 | −0.21 |
aLA B-1Allys [9–93] | 9706.7 | 7.4 × 10−03 | 0.28 | ||||
bCN-0P [198–209] * | 1263.8 | 7.4 × 10−03 | 0.28 | ||||
bLG A-3Ox-1L | 18,727.6 | 8.9 × 10−03 | 0.27 | ||||
aS1CN B-2P-1Ox [1–56] | 6592.3 | 1.1 × 10−02 | 0.26 | ||||
bCN-0P [71–169] | 11,100.9 | 1.2 × 10−02 | 0.26 | ||||
bCN A2-0P [58–106] | 5298.9 | 1.2 × 10−02 | 0.26 | ||||
bLG A-1Ox | 18,371.5 | 1.5 × 10−02 | 0.25 | ||||
aS1CN B-5P [9–67] | 7026.3 | 1.6 × 10−02 | 0.25 | ||||
aS1CN B-2P [24–63] | 4661.5 | 2.1 × 10−02 | 0.24 | ||||
aS1CNB-0P-1Ox [176–199] | 2633.3 | 4.2 × 10−02 | 0.22 |
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Raynes, J.K.; Vincent, D.; Zawadzki, J.L.; Savin, K.; Mertens, D.; Logan, A.; Williams, R.P.W. Investigation of Age Gelation in UHT Milk. Beverages 2018, 4, 95. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/beverages4040095
Raynes JK, Vincent D, Zawadzki JL, Savin K, Mertens D, Logan A, Williams RPW. Investigation of Age Gelation in UHT Milk. Beverages. 2018; 4(4):95. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/beverages4040095
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaynes, Jared K., Delphine Vincent, Jody L. Zawadzki, Keith Savin, Dominik Mertens, Amy Logan, and Roderick P.W. Williams. 2018. "Investigation of Age Gelation in UHT Milk" Beverages 4, no. 4: 95. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/beverages4040095