Rejuvenation Mechanism of Asphalt Mixtures Modified with Crumb Rubber
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Subsection Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt
1.2. Problem Statement and Objective
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Swelling Testing
2.4. Experimental Set-Up
2.5. Testing Procedure
2.5.1. Creep Compliance
2.5.2. Indirect Tensile Strength Test
3. Results
3.1. Swelling of Crumb Rubber
3.2. Characteristics of Conditioned Samples
3.3. Creep Compliance
4. Conclusions
- The swelling effect of rubber particles was studied using electron microscopy images on pre- and post-blended rubber particles in asphalt cements, and it was found that the particles swelled in the range of 15.8–49.3% with those in softer asphalt indicating the largest swelling.
- Specimens subjected to dynamic load aging has a shinier surface (richer in binder content) compared to those aged without any loading. The shiny surface of the aged sample under dynamic load was attributed to the presence of oils migrating out from crumb rubber particles over the conditioning period. Such observation may corroborate the hypothesis of this study claiming that the oily compounds are squeezed out from crumb rubber particles upon exposing the pavement to traffic loads.
- Aged samples subjected to dynamic load (DLA) showed higher creep compliance compared to samples aged without loading (A). As mentioned above, the presence of oily compounds can provide more flexibility in behavior; the higher flexibility of DLA samples resulted in higher creep compliance compared with the A samples. This observation was also supported by statistical significance for the creep compliance values. The significance was more pronounced after 10 s of creep compliance testing. Nevertheless, it is still possible that the DLA and A samples were damaged given the increase in the air void content after conditioning causing the specimens to be more compliant. However, the IDTs showed no statistical difference between the strength of the conditioned and unconditioned specimens; therefore, it might be unlikely that the differences in the compliance was resulted from the damaged specimens.
- The IDT strength test results did not show a difference between the various conditions; however, the average fracture energy parameters for the DLA mix were higher compared with the A mixture indicating an improvement in cracking and growth resistance. Based on the limited number of tests, such difference was not statistically significant at a 90% level of confidence.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Glover, C.J.; Davison, R.R.; Domke, C.H.; Ruan, Y.; Juristyarini, P.; Knorr, D.B.; Jung, S.H. Development of a new method for assessing asphalt binder durability with field validation. Tex. Dept Transp. 2005, 1872, 1–334. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, S.-J.; Amirkhanian, S.N.; Shatanawi, K.; Kim, K.W. Short-term aging characterization of asphalt binders using gel permeation chromatography and selected Superpave binder tests. Constr. Build. Mater. 2008, 22, 2220–2227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roberts, F.L.; Kandhal, P.S.; Brown, E.R.; Lee, D.; Kennedy, T.W. Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design and Construction; NAPA Education Foundation: Lanham, MD, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Morian, N.; Hajj, E.; Glover, C.; Sebaaly, P. Oxidative aging of asphalt binders in hot-mix asphalt mixtures. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board. 2011, 107–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bell, C.A. Summary Report on Aging of Asphalt-Aggregate Systems; Strategic Highway Research Program; National Research Council: Washington, DC, USA, 1989. [Google Scholar]
- Abbas, A.; Choi, B.C.; Masad, E.; Papagiannakis, T. The influence of laboratory aging method on the rheological properties of asphalt binders. J. Test. Eval. 2002, 30, 171–176. [Google Scholar]
- Airey, G.D. State of the art report on ageing test methods for bituminous pavement materials. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2003, 4, 165–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lesueur, D. The colloidal structure of bitumen: Consequences on the rheology and on the mechanisms of bitumen modification. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 145, 42–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vallerga, B.A. Pavement deficiencies related to asphalt durability. Assoc. Asph. Paving Technol. Proc. 1981, 50, 481–491. [Google Scholar]
- Heitzman, M.A. State of the Practice: Design and Construction of Asphalt Paving Materials with Crumb-Rubber Modifier; Final Report; No. PB-92-203900/XAB; FHWA/SA--92/022; Federal Highway Administration, Office of Engineering: Washington, DC, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Samuel, C.; Mohammad, L.; Abadie, C. Evaluation of Field Projects Using Crumb Rubber Modified Asphaltic Concrete; No. FHWA/LA. 04/393; Louisiana Transportation Research Center: Baton Rouge, LA, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Irfan, M.; Ali, Y.; Ahmed, S.; Hafeez, I. Performance evaluation of crumb rubber-modified asphalt mixtures based on laboratory and field investigations. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 2018, 43, 1795–1806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, W. Study on properties of recycled tire rubber modified asphalt mixtures using dry process. Constr. Build. Mater. 2007, 21, 1011–1015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Presti, D.L. Recycled tyre rubber modified bitumens for road asphalt mixtures: A literature review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 49, 863–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palit, S.K.; Reddy, K.S.; Pandey, B.B. Laboratory evaluation of crumb rubber modified asphalt mixes. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2004, 16, 45–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navarro, F.J.; Partal, P.; Martınez-Boza, F.; Gallegos, C. Thermo-rheological behaviour and storage stability of ground tire rubber-modified bitumens. Fuel 2004, 83, 2041–2049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, B.; Mohammad, L.; Graves, P.; Abadie, C. Louisiana experience with crumb rubber-modified hot-mix asphalt pavement. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board. 2002, 1789, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kutay, M.E.; Ozturk, H.I. Investigation of moisture dissipation in foam-based warm mix asphalt using synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2011, 24, 674–683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medina, J.R.; Underwood, B.S. Micromechanical shear modulus modeling of activated crumb rubber modified asphalt cements. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 150, 56–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, D.; Huang, X.; Li, X.; Zhang, L. Swelling process of rubber in asphalt and its effect on the structure and properties of rubber and asphalt. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 29, 316–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bahia, H.U.; Davies, R. Effect of crumb rubber modifiers (CRM) on performance related properties of asphalt binders. Asph. Paving Technol. 1994, 63, 414. [Google Scholar]
- Xiao, F.; Putman, B.J.; Amirkhanian, S.N. Laboratory investigation of dimensional changes of crumb rubber reacting with asphalt binder. Proc. Asph. Rubber 2006, 82, 71. [Google Scholar]
- Way, G.B.; Kaloush, K.; Biligiri, K.P. Asphalt-rubber standard practice guide—An overview. In Proceedings of the Asphalt Rubber 2012, München, Germany, 23–26 October 2012; pp. 23–40. [Google Scholar]
- Bell, C.A.; AbWahab, Y.; Cristi, M.E.; Sosnovske, D. Selection of Laboratory Aging Procedures for Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures; Strategic Highway Research Program; National Research Council: Washington, DC, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, M.G.; Tia, M.; Ruth, B.E.; Page, G.C. Comparison between the aging processes for asphalt mixtures and those for asphalt binders. In Progress of Superpave (Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement): Evaluation and Implementation; Jester, R., Ed.; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 1997; pp. 126–134. [Google Scholar]
- Romero, P.; Roque, R. Evaluation of long-term oven aging of asphalt mixtures (AASHTO PP2) on superpave thermal cracking performance predictions. In Progress of Superpave (Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement): Evaluation and Implementation; Jester, R., Ed.; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 1997; pp. 151–168. [Google Scholar]
- Piérard, N.; Vanelstraete, A. Developing a test method for the accelerated ageing of bituminous mixtures in the laboratory. In Advanced Testing and Characterization of Bituminous Materials; Loizos, A., Partl, M.N., Scarpas, T., Al-Qadi, I.L., Eds.; Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, 2009; pp. 163–171. [Google Scholar]
- De la Roche, C.; Van de Ven, M.; Gabet, T.; Dubois, V.; Grenfell, J.; Porot, L. Development of a laboratory bituminous mixtures ageing protocol. In Advanced Testing and Characterization of Bituminous Materials; Loizos, A., Partl, M.N., Scarpas, T., Al-Qadi, I.L., Eds.; Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, 2009; pp. 331–345. [Google Scholar]
- Crucho, J.; Picado-Santos, L.; Neves, J.; Capitão, S.; Al-Qadi, I.L. Tecnico accelerated ageing (TEAGE)—A new laboratory approach for bituminous mixture ageing simulation. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2020, 21, 753–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Das, P.K.; Baaj, H.; Kringos, N.; Tighe, S. Coupling of oxidative ageing and moisture damage in asphalt mixtures. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 2015, 16 (Suppl. 1), 265–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zborowski, A.; Kaloush, K.E. A fracture energy approach to model the thermal cracking performance of asphalt rubber mixtures. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 2011, 12, 377–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roscoe, R. The viscosity of suspensions of rigid spheres. Br. J. Appl. Phys. 1952, 3, 267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kutay, M.E.; Ozturk, H. Internal structure characteristics of crumb rubber modified asphalt binders: An analysis using 3D X-ray microtomography imaging. In Proceedings of the Asphalt Rubber Conference, Munich, Germany, 23–26 October 2012; pp. 1–10. [Google Scholar]
- Islam, M.R.; Hossain, M.I.; Tarefder, R.A. A study of asphalt aging using Indirect Tensile Strength test. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 95, 218–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sieve Size (mm) | 25 | 19 | 12.5 | 9.5 | 4.75 | 2.36 | 1.18 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.075 |
Passing (%) | 100 | 98 | 83 | 65 | 30 | 16 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2.6 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Noorvand, H.; Kaloush, K.; Medina, J.; Underwood, S. Rejuvenation Mechanism of Asphalt Mixtures Modified with Crumb Rubber. CivilEng 2021, 2, 370-384. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/civileng2020020
Noorvand H, Kaloush K, Medina J, Underwood S. Rejuvenation Mechanism of Asphalt Mixtures Modified with Crumb Rubber. CivilEng. 2021; 2(2):370-384. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/civileng2020020
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoorvand, Hossein, Kamil Kaloush, Jose Medina, and Shane Underwood. 2021. "Rejuvenation Mechanism of Asphalt Mixtures Modified with Crumb Rubber" CivilEng 2, no. 2: 370-384. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/civileng2020020