Feasibility of Using Non-Destructive Ultrasound Measurement Technique to Evaluate Binder Content of Asphalt Mixtures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Motivation and Purpose
3. Ultrasound Technique Background and Equipment
3.1. Ultrasound Technique Background
3.2. Ultrasound Equipment and Measurement Method
4. Materials and Methods
- The best type of transducer for performing the test should be selected; in this study, it is presented in Table 3.
- The apparatus selected—such as the transducer, pulser, and receiver—was checked with different mixes and samples to see whether any changes in the mixes affected the results and determine whether adjustments needed to be made to ensure that the testing equipment was working properly.
- The best scanning method should be selected for correlating ultrasonic measurements with the properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA); for this study, the method used was the contact method.
Volumetric Properties of Asphalt Mixtures
5. Results
5.1. Ultrasound Wave Speed
5.2. Ultrasound Integrated Response
6. Conclusions
- Integrated response measurements generally indicate a decrease in integrated response values with the increasing binder content for all four binder types. This can be explained by the fact that increased binder content in asphalt mixture specimens increases the tendency of the specimens to absorb more energy.
- The decreased integrated response for specimens with binders containing crumb rubber is less than those without crumb rubber. This difference is due to the increased elastic recovery of crumb rubber in the binder.
- The wave speed decreased with the addition of binder content for specimens produced with PG64-28 and PG64-28R. This was expected due to the binder’s attenuation and slowing effect on wave speed.
- No significant trend of wave speed was observed for mixtures made with PG76-22 and PG76-22R binder types. The researchers are not able to explain with confidence this anomaly at this time. However, the Hveem stability for PG76-22 and PG76-22R in Figure 2 is almost constant as the binder content changes. This may be a possible explanation.
- Overall, this study shows that the non-destructive ultrasound measurement technique has potential to evaluate the binder content of asphalt mixtures. However, further research is recommended
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Unit | Setting |
---|---|---|
Type | - | Ultra ZRD 100-2 NCA 1000 |
Frequency | kHz | 225 |
Bandwidth | kHz | 56 |
Duration | µsec | 150 |
Amplitude | % | 75 |
Chirp Step—A | % | 45 |
Chirp Step—B | % | 45 |
Sieve | Type 2C | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size | mm | Range | Midpoint | Parameter | Value |
1 in | 25 | 100 | 100 | Coarse Gs | 2.63 |
3/4 in | 19 | 88–95 | 91.5 | Fine Gs | 2.51 |
1/2 in | 12.5 | 70–85 | 77.5 | Sand Equivalent | 81 |
3/8 in | 9.5 | 60–78 | 69 | Los Angeles Abrasion | 15.7 |
No. 4 | 4.75 | 43–60 | 51.5 | ||
No.10 | 2 | 30–44 | 37 | ||
No. 40 | 0.425 | 12–22 | 17 | ||
No. 200 | 0.075 | 3–8 | 5.5 |
Binder (Type) | Rubber (Percent/Type/Size) | Optimum Binder Content (%) | Number of Specimens |
---|---|---|---|
PG 76-22 | None | 5.8 | 5 |
PG 76-22 R | 15% Terminal Blend | 6.0 | 5 |
PG 64-28 | None | 5.0 | 5 |
PG 64-28 R | 15% Terminal Blend | 5.0 | 5 |
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Jadidi, K.; Khalili, M.; Karakouzian, M. Feasibility of Using Non-Destructive Ultrasound Measurement Technique to Evaluate Binder Content of Asphalt Mixtures. CivilEng 2021, 2, 396-405. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/civileng2020022
Jadidi K, Khalili M, Karakouzian M. Feasibility of Using Non-Destructive Ultrasound Measurement Technique to Evaluate Binder Content of Asphalt Mixtures. CivilEng. 2021; 2(2):396-405. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/civileng2020022
Chicago/Turabian StyleJadidi, Kazem, Mehdi Khalili, and Moses Karakouzian. 2021. "Feasibility of Using Non-Destructive Ultrasound Measurement Technique to Evaluate Binder Content of Asphalt Mixtures" CivilEng 2, no. 2: 396-405. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/civileng2020022