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Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology
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Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology

A special issue of Biology (ISSN 2079-7737). This special issue belongs to the section "Biochemistry and Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 33612

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Cheng-Gui Han

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Interests: plant virus diseases (poleroviruses; beet necrotic yellow vein virus; rice black-streaked dwarf virus; wheat yellow mosaic virus); identification of new viruses; virus-host interaction; cultivation of virus-resistant transgenic crops; diagnosis and control of main diseases of sugar beet
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Liying Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Interests: plant virus diseases (wheat viral diseases; rice viral disease; fruit tree viral disease); extracellular and intracellular of virus movment; interaction of viruses and hosts; mechanism of virus pathogenicity; molecular mechinary of host antiviral responses; fungal viruses; virocontrol of fungal diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Molecular plant pathology studies the mechanisms of the interaction between plants and pathogens at the molecular level, and is formed by the intersection of plant pathology and biochemistry, molecular biology and molecular genetics. This Special Issue welcomes a wide variety of articles on the molecular mechanism of pathogenicity and its pathogenic variants, plant disease resistance, the strategies of plant disease resistance, molecular breeding, fungal viruses and virocontrol of fungal diseases.

Prof. Dr. Cheng-Gui Han
Prof. Dr. Liying Sun
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biology is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • plant pathogens (viruses, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, etc.)
  • plant immunity
  • molecular plant–microbe interactions
  • fungal viruses
  • virocontrol of fungal diseases

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 9761 KiB  
Article
Bacillus velezensis Strain HN-Q-8 Induced Resistance to Alternaria solani and Stimulated Growth of Potato Plant
by Xuefei Bai, Qian Li, Dai Zhang, Yi Zhao, Dongmei Zhao, Yang Pan, Jinhui Wang, Zhihui Yang and Jiehua Zhu
Biology 2023, 12(6), 856; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology12060856 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1316
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis HN-Q-8, isolated in our previous study, has an antagonistic effect on Alternaria solani. After being pretreated with a fermentation liquid with HN-Q-8 bacterial cell suspensions, the potato leaves inoculated with A. solani displayed smaller lesion areas and less yellowing than [...] Read more.
Bacillus velezensis HN-Q-8, isolated in our previous study, has an antagonistic effect on Alternaria solani. After being pretreated with a fermentation liquid with HN-Q-8 bacterial cell suspensions, the potato leaves inoculated with A. solani displayed smaller lesion areas and less yellowing than the controls. Interestingly, the activity levels of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase in potato seedlings were enhanced by the addition of the fermentation liquid with bacterial cells. Additionally, the overexpression of key genes related to induced resistance in the Jasmonate/Ethylene pathway was activated by the addition of the fermentation liquid, suggesting that the HN-Q-8 strain induced resistance to potato early blight. In addition, our laboratory and field experiments showed that the HN-Q-8 strain can promote potato seedling growth and significantly increase tuber yield. The root activity and chlorophyll content of potato seedlings were significantly increased along with the levels of indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid 3, and abscisic acid upon addition of the HN-Q-8 strain. The fermentation liquid with bacterial cells was more efficient in inducing disease resistance and promoting growth than bacterial cell suspensions alone or the fermentation liquid without bacterial cells. Thus, the B. velezensis HN-Q-8 strain is an effective bacterial biocontrol agent, augmenting the options available for potato cultivation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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21 pages, 11965 KiB  
Article
Identification of CNGCs in Glycine max and Screening of Related Resistance Genes after Fusarium solani Infection
by Yuxing Cui, Jingxuan Wang, Yingxue Bai, Liping Ban, Junda Ren, Qiaoxia Shang and Weiyu Li
Biology 2023, 12(3), 439; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology12030439 - 12 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1348
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), non-selective cation channels localised on the plasmalemma, are involved in growth, development, and regulatory mechanisms in plants during adverse stress. To date, CNGC gene families in multiple crops have been identified and analysed. However, there have been [...] Read more.
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), non-selective cation channels localised on the plasmalemma, are involved in growth, development, and regulatory mechanisms in plants during adverse stress. To date, CNGC gene families in multiple crops have been identified and analysed. However, there have been no systematic studies on the evolution and development of CNGC gene families in legumes. Therefore, in the present study, via transcriptome analysis, we identified 143 CNGC genes in legumes, and thereafter, classified and named them according to the grouping method used for Arabidopsis thaliana. Functional verification for disease stress showed that four GmCNGCs were specifically expressed in the plasmalemma during the stress process. Further, functional enrichment analysis showed that their mode of participation and coordination included inorganic ion concentration regulation inside and outside the membrane via the transmembrane ion channel and participation in stress regulation via signal transduction. The CNGC family genes in G. max involved in disease stress were also identified and physiological stress response and omics analyses were also performed. Our preliminary results revealed the basic laws governing the involvement of CNGCs in disease resistance in G. max, providing important gene resources and a theoretical reference for the breeding of resistant soybean. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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15 pages, 2595 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the RNA Silencing Suppressor Activity of Protein P0 of Pepper Vein Yellows Virus 5: Uncovering Natural Variability, Relevant Motifs and Underlying Mechanism
by Miryam Pérez-Cañamás, Mónica Bustos, Victoria Puértolas, Yolanda Castelló, Sofía Peiró and Carmen Hernández
Biology 2022, 11(12), 1801; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11121801 - 12 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1463
Abstract
Pepper vein yellows virus 5 (PeVYV-5) belongs to a group of emerging poleroviruses (family Solemoviridae) which pose a risk to pepper cultivation worldwide. Since its first detection in Spain in 2013 and the determination of the complete genome sequence of an isolate [...] Read more.
Pepper vein yellows virus 5 (PeVYV-5) belongs to a group of emerging poleroviruses (family Solemoviridae) which pose a risk to pepper cultivation worldwide. Since its first detection in Spain in 2013 and the determination of the complete genome sequence of an isolate in 2018, little is known on the presence, genomic variation and molecular properties of this pathogen. As other members of genus Polerovirus, PeVYV-5 encodes a P0 protein that was predicted to act as viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR), one of the major antiviral defense mechanisms in plants. The results of the present work have indicated that PeVYV-5 P0 is a potent VSR, which is able to induce the degradation of Argonaute (AGO) endonucleases, the main effectors of RNA silencing. New viral isolates have been identified in samples collected in 2020–2021 and sequencing of their P0 gene has revealed limited heterogeneity, suggesting that the protein is under negative selection. Analysis of natural and engineered P0 variants has pinpointed distinct protein motifs as critical for the VSR role. Moreover, a positive correlation between the VSR activity of the protein and its capability to promote AGO degradation could be established, supporting that such activity essentially relies on the clearance of core components of the RNA silencing machinery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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15 pages, 2066 KiB  
Article
Similar Characteristics of siRNAs of Plant Viruses Which Replicate in Plant and Fungal Hosts
by Tianxing Pang, Jianping Peng, Ruiling Bian, Yu Liu, Dong Zhang, Ida Bagus Andika and Liying Sun
Biology 2022, 11(11), 1672; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11111672 - 17 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1587
Abstract
RNA silencing is a host innate antiviral mechanism which acts via the synthesis of viral-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). We have previously reported the infection of phytopathogenic fungi by plant viruses such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Furthermore, [...] Read more.
RNA silencing is a host innate antiviral mechanism which acts via the synthesis of viral-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). We have previously reported the infection of phytopathogenic fungi by plant viruses such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Furthermore, fungal RNA silencing was shown to suppress plant virus accumulation, but the characteristics of plant vsiRNAs associated with the antiviral response in this nonconventional host remain unknown. Using high-throughput sequencing, we characterized vsiRNA profiles in two plant RNA virus–fungal host pathosystems: CMV infection in phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani and TMV infection in phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. The relative abundances of CMV and TMV siRNAs in the respective fungal hosts were much lower than those in the respective experimental plant hosts, Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum. However, CMV and TMV siRNAs in fungi had similar characteristics to those in plants, particularly in their size distributions, proportion of plus and minus senses, and nucleotide preference for the 5′ termini of vsiRNAs. The abundance of TMV siRNAs largely decreased in F. graminearum mutants with a deletion in either dicer-like 1 (dcl1) or dcl2 genes which encode key proteins for the production of siRNAs and antiviral responses. However, deletion of both dcl1 and dcl2 restored TMV siRNA accumulation in F. graminearum, indicating the production of dcl-independent siRNAs with no antiviral function in the absence of the dcl1 and dcl2 genes. Our results suggest that fungal RNA silencing recognizes and processes the invading plant RNA virus genome in a similar way as in plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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11 pages, 2436 KiB  
Article
Bacillus velezensis Strain GUMT319 Reshapes Soil Microbiome Biodiversity and Increases Grape Yields
by Xiangru Chen, Fang Yang, Chunwei Bai, Qianrui Shi, Shan Hu, Xianying Tang, Lijuan Peng and Haixia Ding
Biology 2022, 11(10), 1486; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11101486 - 11 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1584
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis strain GUMT319 is a rhizobacteria biocontrol agent that can control tobacco black shank disease. We took GUMT319 as a biological fertilizer on Vitis vinifera L. The test group was treated with GUMT319 for one year and the control group had a [...] Read more.
Bacillus velezensis strain GUMT319 is a rhizobacteria biocontrol agent that can control tobacco black shank disease. We took GUMT319 as a biological fertilizer on Vitis vinifera L. The test group was treated with GUMT319 for one year and the control group had a water treatment. Yields of GUMT319-treated grape groups were significantly increased compared to the controls. The average length and width of single grape fruit, weight of 100 grape fruits, the sugar/acid ratio, and the content of vitamin C were all increased in the GUMT319-treated grape group. The pH of the soil was higher and the contents of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium were significantly lower in the GUMT319-treated groups than the controls. The soil microbial community composition was evaluated by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing, and the Shannon index and Simpson index all showed that soil microbes were more abundant in the GUMT319-treated group. These results indicate that GUMT319 is not only a biocontrol agent, but also a plant growth-promoting rihizobacteria. It can increase the yield of grape by altering the physical and chemical properties and the microbial community composition of the soil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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16 pages, 6509 KiB  
Article
The Characterization of the Tobacco-Derived Wild Tomato Mosaic Virus by Employing Its Infectious DNA Clone
by Jinlong Yin, Xin Hong, Sha Luo, Jingquan Tan, Yuanming Zhang, Yanglin Qiu, Muhammad Faizan Latif, Tao Gao, Haijia Yu, Jingke Bai, Shujun Li and Kai Xu
Biology 2022, 11(10), 1467; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11101467 - 06 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1945
Abstract
Viral diseases of cultivated crops are often caused by virus spillover from wild plants. Tobacco (N. tabacum) is an important economic crop grown globally. The viral pathogens of tobacco are traditional major subjects in virology studies and key considerations in [...] Read more.
Viral diseases of cultivated crops are often caused by virus spillover from wild plants. Tobacco (N. tabacum) is an important economic crop grown globally. The viral pathogens of tobacco are traditional major subjects in virology studies and key considerations in tobacco breeding practices. A positive-strand RNA virus, wild tomato mosaic virus (WTMV), belonging to the genus potyvirus in the family potyviridae was recently found to infect tobacco in China. In this study, diseased tobacco leaf samples were collected in the Henan Province of China during 2020–2021. Several samples from different locations were identified as WTMV positive. An infectious DNA clone was constructed based on one of the WTMV isolates. By using this clone, we found that WTMV from tobacco could establish infections on natural reservoir hosts, demonstrating a possible route of WTMV spillover and overwintering in the tobacco field. Furthermore, the WTMV infection was found to be accompanied by other tobacco viruses in the field. The co-inoculation experiments indicate the superinfection exclusion (SIE) between WTMV and other potyvirus species that infect tobacco. Overall, our work reveals novel aspects of WTMV evolution and infection in tobacco and provides an important tool for further studies of WTMV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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13 pages, 2016 KiB  
Article
Expression of the ripAA Gene in the Soilborne Pseudomonas mosselii Can Promote the Control Efficacy against Tobacco Bacterial Wilt
by Tao Zhuo, Shiting Chen, Dandan Wang, Xiaojing Fan, Xiaofeng Zhang and Huasong Zou
Biology 2022, 11(8), 1170; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11081170 - 04 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1872
Abstract
The environmental bacterium Pseudomonas mosselii produces antagonistic secondary metabolites with inhibitory effects on multiple plant pathogens, including Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt. In this study, an engineered P. mosselii strain was generated to express R. solanacearum ripAA, which determines [...] Read more.
The environmental bacterium Pseudomonas mosselii produces antagonistic secondary metabolites with inhibitory effects on multiple plant pathogens, including Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt. In this study, an engineered P. mosselii strain was generated to express R. solanacearum ripAA, which determines the incompatible interactions with tobacco plants. The ripAA gene, together with its native promoter, was integrated into the P. mosselii chromosome. The resulting strain showed no difference in antimicrobial activity against R. solanacearum. Promoter-LacZ fusion and RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that the ripAA gene was transcribed in culture media. Compared with that of the wild type, the engineered strain reduced the disease index by 9.1% for bacterial wilt on tobacco plants. A transcriptome analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in tobacco plants, and the results revealed that ethylene- and jasmonate-dependent defense signaling pathways were induced. These data demonstrates that the engineered P. mosselii expressing ripAA can improve biological control against tobacco bacterial wilt by the activation of host defense responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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15 pages, 3542 KiB  
Article
Multiple Levels of Triggered Factors and the Obligated Requirement of Cell-to-Cell Movement in the Mutation Repair of Cucumber Mosaic Virus with Defects in the tRNA-like Structure
by Shanshan Liu, Jinze Mu, Chengming Yu, Guowei Geng, Chenyu Su and Xuefeng Yuan
Biology 2022, 11(7), 1051; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11071051 - 13 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1663
Abstract
Some debilitating mutations in RNA viruses are repairable; however, the triggering factors of mutation repair remain largely unknown. In this study, multiple triggering factors of mutation repair are identified based on genetic damage to the TLS in CMV. TLS mutations in different RNAs [...] Read more.
Some debilitating mutations in RNA viruses are repairable; however, the triggering factors of mutation repair remain largely unknown. In this study, multiple triggering factors of mutation repair are identified based on genetic damage to the TLS in CMV. TLS mutations in different RNAs distinctively impact viral pathogenicity and present different types of mutation repair. RNA2 relative reduction level or RNA3 sequence change resulting from TLS mutation is correlated with a high rate of mutation repair, and the TLS mutation of RNA1 fails to be repaired at the high inoculum dose. However, the TLS mutation of RNA1 can be repaired at a low dose of inoculation, particularly around the dilution end-point or in the mixed inoculation with RNA2 having a pre-termination mutation of the 2b gene, an RNAi suppressor. Taken together, TLS mutations resulting in quality or quantity defects of the viral genome or TLS mutations at low doses around the dilution end-point are likely to be repaired. Different levels of TLS mutation repair necessarily require cell-to-cell movement, therefore implying its obligated effect on the evolution of low-fitness viruses and providing a new insight into Muller’s ratchet. This study provides important information on virus evolution and the application of mild viral vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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13 pages, 5938 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Genetic Diversity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Isolates Associated with Rice Bacterial Leaf Spot in Heilongjiang, China
by Lili Peng, Songrun Yang, Yao Zhang, Younis Haseeb, Shuang Song, Xiaofeng Xu, Mingxiu Yang and Junhua Zhang
Biology 2022, 11(5), 720; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11050720 - 08 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2322
Abstract
In China, rice is one of the most important cereal crops. Rice bacterial brown leaf spot caused by P. s. pv. syringae is among the most damaging rice diseases in the Heilongjiang Province of China and results in substantial yield losses. In this [...] Read more.
In China, rice is one of the most important cereal crops. Rice bacterial brown leaf spot caused by P. s. pv. syringae is among the most damaging rice diseases in the Heilongjiang Province of China and results in substantial yield losses. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the pathogen, population structure, and genetic diversity within the species was performed. For this purpose, 176 bacterial isolates of P. s. pv. syringae collected from 15 locations were characterized by using biochemical tests such as the LOPAT test, and genetic characterizations such as multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and repetitive PCR, using BOX, REP and ERIC primers. Biochemical testing and detection of syrB genes confirm the presence of P. s. pv. syringae, genetic characterization by MLSA and genetic fingerprinting by repetitive PCR confirmed that high genetic heterogeneity exists in the P. s. pv. syringae isolates, and clustering of the tested isolates and reference strains are related with the same genomospecies 1. This work contributes to the physiological classification of the P. s. pv. syringae isolated from Heilongjiang Province, China, and the results present new data concerning the phylogeny and genetic diversity. This type of study about P. s. pv. syringae has been not reported from this region until now. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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14 pages, 4266 KiB  
Communication
Preliminary Studies on the Effects of Oyster Mushroom Spherical Virus China Strain on the Mycelial Growth and Fruiting Body Yield of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus
by Hai-Jing Hu, Jian-Rui Wang, Xian-Hao Cheng, Yu Liu and Xiao-Yan Zhang
Biology 2022, 11(4), 574; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11040574 - 10 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2337
Abstract
Oyster mushroom spherical virus (OMSV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA mycovirus which is associated with a devastating oyster mushroom die-back disease. However, little is known about its diversity, and the effects of OMSV infection on its fungal host are not well understood. In [...] Read more.
Oyster mushroom spherical virus (OMSV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA mycovirus which is associated with a devastating oyster mushroom die-back disease. However, little is known about its diversity, and the effects of OMSV infection on its fungal host are not well understood. In this study, we determined the nearly complete nucleotide sequence of OMSV isolated from cultivated oyster mushrooms in China. Sequence analysis suggested that the virus represents a new strain of OMSV (referred to here as OMSV-Ch). A GenBank BLAST search of the genomic sequences demonstrated that the OMSV-Ch had the highest identity (74.9%) with the OMSV from Korea (OMSV-Kr). At the amino acid–sequence level, these two strains shared 84.1% identity in putative replication protein (RP) and 94.1% identity in coat protein (CP). Phylogenetic analysis based on RP showed that OMSV-Ch clustered with OMSV-Kr, closely related to Tymoviridae. Phylogenetic analysis based on both the RP and CP showed that OMSV had a distant clade relationship with tymoviruses, marafiviruses, and maculaviruses. We obtained the OMSV-Ch-free Pleurotus ostreatus strain via single hyphal tip cultures combined with high-temperature treatment. Preliminary studies indicate that OMSV-Ch can significantly inhibit mycelial growth, cause malformations of the fruiting bodies, and reduce the yield of P. ostreatus. Co-cultivation resulted in horizontal transmission of the OMSV-Ch to a virus-cured strain. The findings of our study contribute to the prevention and control of mycoviral diseases in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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11 pages, 2547 KiB  
Article
Transgenic Rice Plants Expressing Artificial miRNA Targeting the Rice Stripe Virus MP Gene Are Highly Resistant to the Virus
by Liya Zhou, Quan Yuan, Xuhong Ai, Jianping Chen, Yuwen Lu and Fei Yan
Biology 2022, 11(2), 332; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020332 - 19 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2228
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) causes one of the most serious viral diseases of rice. RNA interference is one of the most efficient ways to control viral disease. In this study, we constructed an amiRNA targeting the RSV MP gene (amiR MP) based on [...] Read more.
Rice stripe virus (RSV) causes one of the most serious viral diseases of rice. RNA interference is one of the most efficient ways to control viral disease. In this study, we constructed an amiRNA targeting the RSV MP gene (amiR MP) based on the backbone sequence of the osa-MIR528 precursor, and obtained marker-free transgenic rice plants constitutively expressing amiR MP by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A transient expression assay demonstrated that dimeric amiR MP could be effectively recognized and cleaved at the target MP gene in plants. Northern blot of miRNA indicated that amiR MP-mediated viral resistance could be stably inherited. The transgenic rice plants were highly resistant to RSV (73–90%). Our research provides novel rice germplasm for RSV control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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18 pages, 3338 KiB  
Article
The Transcription Factor FgAtrR Regulates Asexual and Sexual Development, Virulence, and DON Production and Contributes to Intrinsic Resistance to Azole Fungicides in Fusarium graminearum
by Yanxiang Zhao, Huilin Sun, Jingwen Li, Chao Ju and Jinguang Huang
Biology 2022, 11(2), 326; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020326 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2417
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the predominant causal agent of cereal Fusarium head blight disease (FHB) worldwide. The application of chemical fungicides such as azole antifungals is still the primary method for FHB control. However, to date, our knowledge of transcriptional regulation in the azole [...] Read more.
Fusarium graminearum is the predominant causal agent of cereal Fusarium head blight disease (FHB) worldwide. The application of chemical fungicides such as azole antifungals is still the primary method for FHB control. However, to date, our knowledge of transcriptional regulation in the azole resistance of F. graminearum is quite limited. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized a Zn(II)2-Cys6 transcription factor FgAtrR in F. graminearum. We constructed a FgAtrR deletion mutant and found that deletion of FgAtrR resulted in faster radial growth with serious pigmentation defects, significantly reduced conidial production, and an inability to form perithecia. The pathogenicity of the ΔFgAtrR mutant on wheat spikes and corn silks was severely impaired with reduced deoxynivalenol production, while the tolerance to prochloraz and propiconazole of the deletion mutant was also significantly decreased. RNA-seq indicated that many metabolic pathways were affected by the deletion of FgAtrR. Importantly, FgAtrR could regulate the expression of the FgCYP51A and ABC transporters, which are the main contributors to azole resistance. These results demonstrated that FgAtrR played essential roles in asexual and sexual development, DON production, and pathogenicity, and contributed to intrinsic resistance to azole fungicides in F. graminearum. This study will help us improve the understanding of the azole resistance mechanism in F. graminearum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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14 pages, 5850 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Biological Characteristics among P0 Proteins from Different Brassica Yellows Virus Genotypes
by Xiao-Yan Zhang, Yuan-Yuan Li, Ying Wang, Da-Wei Li, Jia-Lin Yu and Cheng-Gui Han
Biology 2021, 10(11), 1076; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology10111076 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1750
Abstract
Brassica yellows virus (BrYV) is a tentative species of the genus Polerovirus, which has at least three genotypes (A, B, and C) in China. The P0 protein of BrYV-A (P0BrA) has been identified as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing [...] Read more.
Brassica yellows virus (BrYV) is a tentative species of the genus Polerovirus, which has at least three genotypes (A, B, and C) in China. The P0 protein of BrYV-A (P0BrA) has been identified as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR), which can also induce cell death in infiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. In this study, we demonstrated that the cell death induced by P0BrA was accompanied by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased Pathogenesis-related protein genes-1 (PR1) expression. Meanwhile, this cell death phenotype was delayed by salicylic acid (SA) pretreatment. Biological function comparison of the three P0 proteins showed that transiently expressed P0BrB or P0BrC induced a significantly delayed and milder cell death response compared with P0BrA. However, like P0BrA, they also suppressed local and systemic RNA silencing. Six residues of P0BrA essential for inducing cell death were identified by comparative analysis and amino acid substitution assay. We also show that all three BrYV genotypes have synergistic interactions with pea enation mosaic virus 2 (PEMV 2) in N. benthamiana. This study provides theoretical guidance for controlling the viral disease caused by poleroviruses in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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Review

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11 pages, 553 KiB  
Review
The Reversible Methylation of m6A Is Involved in Plant Virus Infection
by Jianying Yue, Yao Wei and Mingmin Zhao
Biology 2022, 11(2), 271; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020271 - 09 Feb 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4224
Abstract
In recent years, m6A RNA methylation has attracted broad interest and is becoming a hot research topic. It has been demonstrated that there is a strong association between m6A and viral infection in the human system. The life cycles of plant RNA viruses [...] Read more.
In recent years, m6A RNA methylation has attracted broad interest and is becoming a hot research topic. It has been demonstrated that there is a strong association between m6A and viral infection in the human system. The life cycles of plant RNA viruses are often coordinated with the mechanisms of their RNA modification. Here, we reviewed recent advances in m6A methylation in plant viruses. It appears that m6A methylation plays a dual role during viral infection in plants. On the one hand, m6A methylation acts as an antiviral immune response induced by virus infection, which inhibits viral replication or translation through the methylation of viral genome RNAs. On the other hand, plant viruses could disrupt the m6A methylation through interacting with the key proteins of the m6A pathway to avoid modification. Those plant viruses containing ALKB domain are discussed as well. Based on this mechanism, we propose that new strategies for plant virus control could be designed with competitive antagonists of m6A-associated proteins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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Other

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10 pages, 2005 KiB  
Brief Report
The Receptor-like Kinase TaCRK-7A Inhibits Fusarium pseudograminearum Growth and Mediates Resistance to Fusarium Crown Rot in Wheat
by Tianci Wu, Feilong Guo, Gangbiao Xu, Jinfeng Yu, Li Zhang, Xuening Wei, Xiuliang Zhu and Zengyan Zhang
Biology 2021, 10(11), 1122; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology10111122 - 01 Nov 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2209
Abstract
The fungus F. pseudograminearum can cause the destructive disease Fusarium crown rot (FCR) of wheat, an important staple crop. Functional roles of FCR resistance genes in wheat are largely unknown. In the current research, we characterized the antifungal activity and positive-regulatory function of [...] Read more.
The fungus F. pseudograminearum can cause the destructive disease Fusarium crown rot (FCR) of wheat, an important staple crop. Functional roles of FCR resistance genes in wheat are largely unknown. In the current research, we characterized the antifungal activity and positive-regulatory function of the cysteine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase TaCRK-7A in the defense against F. pseudograminearum in wheat. Antifungal assays showed that the purified TaCRK-7A protein inhibited the growth of F. pseudograminearum. TaCRK-7A transcript abundance was elevated after F. pseudograminearum attack and was positively related to FCR-resistance levels of wheat cultivars. Intriguingly, knocking down of TaCRK-7A transcript increased susceptibility of wheat to FCR and decreased transcript levels of defense-marker genes in wheat. Furthermore, the transcript abundances of TaCRK-7A and its modulated-defense genes were responsive to exogenous jasmonate treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that TaCRK-7A can directly inhibit F. pseudograminearum growth and mediates FCR-resistance by promoting the expression of wheat defense genes in the jasmonate pathway. Thus, TaCRK-7A is a potential gene resource in FCR-resistant wheat breeding program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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