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Dear Colleagues,

Mitochondria possess a remnant of the endosymbiont’s genome that varies considerably in size throughout eukaryotes, ranging from ~15 kb to 11 Mbp. Mitochondrial genomes are mostly circular, containing 5 to ~100 genes (usually 37 genes in metazoans). In recent decades, due to the rapid advances in next-generation sequencing technology and compact structure of mitochondrial genomes, complete mitochondrial genome data have been exponentially increased and accumulated. Extensive sequencing of mitochondrial genomes has established meaningful and unique features in gene arrangements and genetic codes as well as nucleotide sequence substitutions, shedding light on enigmatic phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary histories in eukaryotes, especially metazoans. Additionally, a mitochondrial gene component, COI is known for the most promising metazoan DNA barcoding marker, which has been frequently employed for molecular species identification. Mitochondrial genomes are small but powerful in a variety of aspects, such as eukaryote phylogeny, evolution, population genetics, etc.

Prof. Dr. Ui Wook Hwang
Guest Editor

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Keywords

mitochondria
mitochondrial genomes
mitochondrial genome data

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Nedyopus patrioticus: New Insights into the Color Polymorphism of Millipedes

by Gaoji Zhang, Tangjun Xu, Yukun Chen, Wei Xu, Yinuo Wang, Yuanyuan Li, Fuyuan Zhu, Hongyi Liu and Honghua Ruan

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(3), 2514-2527; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cimb46030159 - 15 Mar 2024

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Abstract

There has been debate about whether individuals with different color phenotypes should have different taxonomic status. In order to determine whether the different color phenotypes of Nedyopus patrioticus require separate taxonomic status or are simply synonyms, here, the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two different colored N. patrioticus, i.e., red N. patrioticus and white N. patrioticus, are presented. The two mitogenomes were 15,781 bp and 15,798 bp in length, respectively. Each mitogenome contained 13 PCGs, 19 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and 1 CR, with a lack of trnI, trnL2, and trnV compared to other Polydesmida species. All genes were located on a single strand in two mitogenomes. Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that red N. patrioticus and white N. patrioticus did not show clear evolutionary differences. Furthermore, no significant divergence was discovered by means of base composition analysis. As a result, we suggest that white N. patrioticus might be regarded as a synonym for red N. patrioticus. The current findings confirmed the existence of color polymorphism in N. patrioticus, which provides exciting possibilities for future research. It is necessary to apply a combination of molecular and morphological methods in the taxonomy of millipedes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Genome 2024)

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Review

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22 pages, 770 KiB

Open AccessReview

Use of Next-Generation Sequencing for Identifying Mitochondrial Disorders

by Shafi Mahmud, Suvro Biswas, Shamima Afrose, Mohasana Akter Mita, Md. Robiul Hasan, Mst. Sharmin Sultana Shimu, Gobindo Kumar Paul, Sanghyun Chung, Md. Abu Saleh, Sultan Alshehri, Momammed M. Ghoneim, Maha Alruwaily and Bonglee Kim

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022, 44(3), 1127-1148; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cimb44030074 - 27 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6675

Abstract

Mitochondria are major contributors to ATP synthesis, generating more than 90% of the total cellular energy production through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS): metabolite oxidation, such as the β-oxidation of fatty acids, and the Krebs’s cycle. OXPHOS inadequacy due to large genetic lesions in mitochondrial as well as nuclear genes and homo- or heteroplasmic point mutations in mitochondrially encoded genes is a characteristic of heterogeneous, maternally inherited genetic disorders known as mitochondrial disorders that affect multisystemic tissues and organs with high energy requirements, resulting in various signs and symptoms. Several traditional diagnostic approaches, including magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, cardiac testing, biochemical screening, variable heteroplasmy genetic testing, identifying clinical features, and skeletal muscle biopsies, are associated with increased risks, high costs, a high degree of false-positive or false-negative results, or a lack of precision, which limits their diagnostic abilities for mitochondrial disorders. Variable heteroplasmy levels, mtDNA depletion, and the identification of pathogenic variants can be detected through genetic sequencing, including the gold standard Sanger sequencing. However, sequencing can be time consuming, and Sanger sequencing can result in the missed recognition of larger structural variations such as CNVs or copy-number variations. Although each sequencing method has its own limitations, genetic sequencing can be an alternative to traditional diagnostic methods. The ever-growing roster of possible mutations has led to the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS). The enhancement of NGS methods can offer a precise diagnosis of the mitochondrial disorder within a short period at a reasonable expense for both research and clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Genome 2024)

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