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Anterior-Segment Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnostics Tool

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A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Imaging and Theranostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 18863

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yoko Ogawa

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Guest Editor

Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Interests: dry eye disease; graft-versus-host disease; fibrosis; bone marrow stem cells; cellular senescence; chronic inflammation

Dr. Eisuke Shimizu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Interests: dry eye diseases; graft-versus-host disease; corneal diseases; corneal topography; innovation; clinical ophthalmology; artificail interigence; telemedicine

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) has been used extensively in recent years in ophthalmology to diagnose several eye diseases, including cornea, anterior chamber, crystalline lens, and iridocorneal angle. AS-OCT is a user-friendly tool both for patients and for observers, as it is simple and easy to use. Despite this, there has been little research on AS-OCT, especially compared to retinal OCTs.

The goal of this Special Issue is to widely cover the diagnostic function of the anterior-segment disorder from the cornea to the crystalline lens evaluated by AS-OCT and to identify the utility of this diagnostic function in the practical medical field. Broader challenges than this will also be accepted.

Dr. Yoko Ogawa
Dr. Eisuke Shimizu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

anterior-segment optical coherence tomography
cornea
crystalline lens
iridocorneal angle

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anterior Segment-Optical Coherence Tomography Bleb Morphology Comparison in Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery: XEN Gel Stent vs. PreserFlo MicroShunt

by Gloria Gambini, Matteo Mario Carlà, Federico Giannuzzi, Francesco Boselli, Giulia Grieco, Tomaso Caporossi, Umberto De Vico, Alfonso Savastano, Antonio Baldascino, Clara Rizzo, Raphael Kilian, Aldo Caporossi and Stanislao Rizzo

Diagnostics 2022, 12(5), 1250; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12051250 - 17 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3404

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study is to compare the morphology of six-month follow-up blebs created by a subconjunctival glaucoma surgical device (XEN45) to those created by a PreserFlo MicroShunt with a sub-Tenon insertion, utilizing AS-OCT. Methods: A retrospective study of 29 eyes who underwent XEN45 implantation and 29 eyes who underwent PreserFlo MicroShunt implantation. The patients were analyzed at 24 h, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. At each visit, the maturation and morphological alterations of the blebs were observed, as well as connections with the IOP. Results: In both groups, IOP showed significant reduction at all follow ups (p < 0.0001). In XEN group, the most common bleb morphology in the immediate postoperative was the subconjuntival separation type (42%) followed by the uniform type (34%), with a trend inversion at 6 month follow up (51% of uniform type). On the contrary, the most common morphology after PreserFlo was the multiple internal layer (55%), which showed a tendency to reduce over time and was substituted by the microcystic multiform, whose percentage increased over time (17% at day 1 vs. 44% at month 6). Uniform appearance was associated by the posterior episcleral fluid (PEF) lake presence. Both horizontal and vertical diameters significantly increased over time. Conclusion: XEN and PreserFlo implantation resulted in the production of diffuse blebs with different characteristics, which may influence IOP lowering capacity and bleb revisions necessity over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anterior-Segment Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnostics Tool)

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16 pages, 1732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glaucoma Detection Using Support Vector Machine Method Based on Spectralis OCT

by Chao-Wei Wu, Hsin-Yi Chen, Jui-Yu Chen and Ching-Hung Lee

Diagnostics 2022, 12(2), 391; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12020391 - 03 Feb 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1968

Abstract

Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT) provided more detailed parameters in the peripapillary and macular areas among the OCT machines, but it is not easy to understand the enormous information (114 features) generated from Spectralis OCT in glaucoma assessment. Machine learning methodology has been well-applied in glaucoma detection in recent years and has the ability to process a large amount of information at once. Here we aimed to analyze the diagnostic capability of Spectralis OCT parameters on glaucoma detection using Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification method in our population. Our results showed that applying all OCT features with the SVM method had good capability in the detection of glaucomatous eyes (area under curve (AUC) = 0.82), as well as discriminating normal eyes from early, moderate, or severe glaucomatous eyes (AUC = 0.78, 0.89, and 0.93, respectively). Apart from using all OCT features, the minimum rim width (MRW) may be good feature groups to discriminate early glaucomatous from normal eyes (AUC = 0.78). The combination of peripapillary and macular parameters, including MRW_temporal inferior (TI), MRW_global (G), ganglion cell layer (GCL)_outer temporal (T2), GCL_inner inferior (I1), peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness (ppNFLT)_temporal superior (TS), and GCL_inner temporal (T1), provided better results (AUC = 0.84). This study showed promise in glaucoma management in the Taiwanese population. However, further validation study is needed to test the performance of our proposed model in the real world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anterior-Segment Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnostics Tool)

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14 pages, 9321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Observation of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Mouse Model Cornea with In Vivo Confocal Microscopy

by Shota Shimizu, Shinri Sato, Hiroko Taniguchi, Eisuke Shimizu, Jingliang He, Shunsuke Hayashi, Kazuno Negishi, Yoko Ogawa and Shigeto Shimmura

Diagnostics 2021, 11(8), 1515; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11081515 - 23 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3057

Abstract

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and ocular GVHD can cause severe dry eye disease that can lead to visual impairment. Epithelial damage, vascular invasion, corneal fibrosis, and corneal perforation may occur in severe cases. It is generally accepted that inflammatory cells such as dendritic cells and T cells contribute to this pathological condition. However, it is still unknown what pathological condition occurs on the ocular surface after HSCT, and when. We therefore observed the dynamics of inflammatory cells in the cornea of chronic GVHD (cGVHD) model mice from 1 to 4 weeks after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and considered the relationship with the pathophysiology of ocular GVHD (tear volume, corneal epithelial damage). In the allogeneic group, neovascularization occurred in all eyes at 1 week after BMT, although almost all vessels disappeared at 2 weeks after BMT. In addition, we revealed that infiltration of globular cells, and tortuosity and branching of nerves in the cornea occurred in both cGVHD mice and human cGVHD patients. Thus, we consider that cGVHD mouse model study by IVCM reproduces the state of ocular GVHD and may contribute to elucidating the pathological mechanism for ocular GVHD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anterior-Segment Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnostics Tool)

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12 pages, 5987 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Postmortem Ocular Findings in the Optical Coherence Tomography Era: A Proof of Concept Study Based on Six Forensic Cases

by Matteo Nioi, Pietro Emanuele Napoli, Roberto Demontis, Emanuela Locci, Maurizio Fossarello and Ernesto d’Aloja

Diagnostics 2021, 11(3), 413; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11030413 - 28 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2863

Abstract

Postmortem analysis of the ocular globe is an important topic for forensic pathology and transplantology. Although crucial elements may be gathered from examining cadaveric eyes, the latter do not routinely undergo in-depth analysis. The paucity of quantitative and objective data that are obtainable using current, invasive necroscopic techniques is the main reason for the limited interest in this highly specialized procedure. The aim of the current study is to describe and to object for the first time the postmortem ocular changes by mean of portable optical coherence tomography for evaluating ocular tissues postmortem. The design involved the postmortem analysis (in situ, and without enucleation) of 12 eyes by portable spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography. The scans were performed, in corneal, retinal and angle modality at different intervals: <6 h, 6th, 12th, and 24th hour and after autopsy (25th–72nd hour). The morphological changes in the cornea, sclera, vitreous humor and aqueous humor were easy to explore and objectify in these tissues in first 72 h postmortem. On the other hand, the “in situ” observation of the retina was difficult due to the opacification of the lenses in the first 24 h after death. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anterior-Segment Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnostics Tool)

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Review

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17 pages, 3362 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of AS-OCT in Managing Corneal Disorders

by Nidhi Gupta, Akhil Varshney, Muralidhar Ramappa, Sayan Basu, Vito Romano, Manisha Acharya, Abha Gaur, Neha Kapur, Aastha Singh, Gaurav Shah, Isha Chaudhary, Nikunj Patel, Anil Tiwari, Anahita Kate, Virender Sangwan and Umang Mathur

Diagnostics 2022, 12(4), 918; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12040918 - 07 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4313

Abstract

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is analogous to ultrasound biometry in the cross sectional imaging of ocular tissues. Development of current devices with deeper penetration and higher resolution has made it popular tool in clinics for visualization of anterior segment structures. In this review, the authors discussed the application of AS-OCT for diagnosis and management of various corneal and ocular surface disorders. Further, recent developments in the application of the device for pediatric corneal disorders and extending the application of OCT angiography for anterior segment are introduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anterior-Segment Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnostics Tool)

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13 pages, 1003 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Intraoperative OCT-Assisted Lamellar Corneal Transplants: A Game Changer?

by Matteo Mario Carlà, Francesco Boselli, Federico Giannuzzi, Gloria Gambini, Tomaso Caporossi, Umberto De Vico, Luigi Mosca, Laura Guccione, Antonio Baldascino, Clara Rizzo, Raphael Kilian and Stanislao Rizzo

Diagnostics 2022, 12(3), 727; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12030727 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2196

Abstract

Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that gives real-time dynamic feedback on surgical procedures. iOCT was first employed in vitreoretinal surgery, but successively served as a guidance in several anterior segment surgical approaches: keratoplasty, implantable Collamer lens (ICL) implantation, and cataract surgery. Among all of those approaches, the unbeatable features of iOCT are fully exploited in anterior and posterior lamellar keratoplasty, and the purpose of this review is to focus on the advantages and shortfalls of iOCT in these techniques, in order to assess whether this technology could be a real step forward. In deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), iOCT is useful to evaluate the needle depth into the corneal stroma, the big bubble dissection plane, and residual stromal bed, thus aiding the standardization of the technique and the reduction of failures. In Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), iOCT allowed for clear visibility of fluid at the graft/host interface, allowing for immediate rescue maneuvers and granting the best graft apposition. In Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK), iOCT can track the lenticule unfolding in real time and assess graft orientation even in severe hazy corneas, thus optimizing surgical times, as well as avoiding the use of potentially hazardous exterior markers (such as the “S” stamp) and preventing unnecessary manipulation of the graft. Overall, the role of iOCT appeared crucial in several complicated cases, overcoming the difficulties of poor visualization in a fast, non-invasive way, thus raising this approach as possible gold standard for challenging conditions. Further improvements in the technology may enable autonomous centering and tracking, overcoming the current constraint of instrument-induced shadowing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anterior-Segment Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnostics Tool)

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