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Machines
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3D/4D Bioprinting
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3D/4D Bioprinting

A special issue of Machines (ISSN 2075-1702). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Manufacturing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 8819

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yifei Jin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
Interests: 3D bioprinting; 4D printing; biomaterials; biomedical applications; rheology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is the main technique in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in which biomaterials are printed into complex 3D functional structures via various additive manufacturing approaches. Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting features the 3D bioprinting of “smart biomaterials” that can transform in a pre-programmed way in response to an external stimulus, and the fourth dimension refers to time. Recently, complex structures printed by 3D/4D bioprinting have been widely used for various biomedical applications. For example, engineered tissues and organs are promising to replace damaged or injured human tissues and organs, providing a technical solution to overcome the challenge of tissue and organ donor shortage. The highly interdisciplinary topics in 3D/4D bioprinting field require the integration of manufacturing, materials science, biology, and biomedical engineering. The associated challenges and complexities include manufacturing challenges related to the printability of biomaterials and sensitivities of living cells, normal and/or stimuli-responsive biomaterial design and selection, interaction between cells and printed structures, and design and optimization of tissue and organ constructions, to name a few. Original research reports, review articles, communications, perspectives, etc. are welcome in all areas pertinent to 3D/4D bioprinting.

Dr. Yifei Jin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Machines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 3D bioprinting
  • 4D bioprinting
  • biomedical applications
  • biomaterials
  • stimuli-responsive materials
  • 3D bioprinting techniques

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 3006 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Printed Abdominal Imaging Windows for In Vivo Imaging of Deep-Lying Tissues
by Mitchell Kuss, Ayrianne J. Crawford, Olawale A. Alimi, Michael A. Hollingsworth and Bin Duan
Machines 2022, 10(8), 697; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/machines10080697 - 16 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1461
Abstract
The ability to microscopically image diseased or damaged tissue throughout a longitudinal study in living mice would provide more insight into disease progression than having just a couple of time points to study. In vivo disease development and monitoring provides more insight than [...] Read more.
The ability to microscopically image diseased or damaged tissue throughout a longitudinal study in living mice would provide more insight into disease progression than having just a couple of time points to study. In vivo disease development and monitoring provides more insight than in vitro studies as well. In this study, we developed permanent 3D-printed, surgically implantable abdominal imaging windows (AIWs) to allow for longitudinal imaging of deep-lying tissues or organs in the abdominal cavity of living mice. They are designed to prevent organ movement while allowing the animal to behave normally throughout longitudinal studies. The AIW also acts as its own mounting bracket for attaching them to a custom 3D printed microscope mount that attaches to the stage of a microscope and houses the animal inside. During the imaging of the living animal, cellular and macroscopic changes over time in one location can be observed because markers can be used to find the same spot in each imaging session. We were able to deliver cancer cells to the pancreas and use the AIW to image the disease progression. The design of the AIWs can be expanded to include secondary features, such as delivery and manipulation ports and guides, and to make windows for imaging the brain, subcutaneous implants, and mammary tissue. In all, these 3D-printed AIWs and their microscope mount provide a system for enhancing the ability to image and study cellular and disease progression of deep-lying abdominal tissues of living animals during longitudinal studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D/4D Bioprinting)
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14 pages, 5285 KiB  
Article
Material Extrusion Advanced Manufacturing of Helical Artificial Muscles from Shape Memory Polymer
by Kellen Mitchell, Lily Raymond and Yifei Jin
Machines 2022, 10(7), 497; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/machines10070497 - 22 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2252
Abstract
Rehabilitation and mobility assistance using robotic orthosis or exoskeletons have shown potential in aiding those with musculoskeletal disorders. Artificial muscles are the main component used to drive robotics and bio-assistive devices. However, current fabrication methods to produce artificial muscles are technically challenging and [...] Read more.
Rehabilitation and mobility assistance using robotic orthosis or exoskeletons have shown potential in aiding those with musculoskeletal disorders. Artificial muscles are the main component used to drive robotics and bio-assistive devices. However, current fabrication methods to produce artificial muscles are technically challenging and laborious for medical staff at clinics and hospitals. This study aims to investigate a printhead system for material extrusion of helical polymer artificial muscles. In the proposed system, an internal fluted mandrel within the printhead and a temperature control module were used simultaneously to solidify and stereotype polymer filaments prior to extrusion from the printhead with a helical shape. Numerical simulation was applied to determine the optimal printhead design, as well as analyze the coupling effects and sensitivity of the printhead geometries on artificial muscle fabrication. Based on the simulation analysis, the printhead system was designed, fabricated, and operated to extrude helical filaments using polylactic acid. The diameter, thickness, and pitch of the extruded filaments were compared to the corresponding geometries of the mandrel to validate the fabrication accuracy. Finally, a printed filament was programmed and actuated to test its functionality as a helical artificial muscle. The proposed printhead system not only allows for the stationary extrusion of helical artificial muscles but is also compatible with commercial 3D printers to freeform print helical artificial muscle groups in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D/4D Bioprinting)
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12 pages, 2782 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Cell Concentration Change and Cell Aggregation Due to Cell Sedimentation during Inkjet-Based Bioprinting of Cell-Laden Bioink
by Heqi Xu, Dulce Maria Martinez Salazar and Changxue Xu
Machines 2022, 10(5), 315; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/machines10050315 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2121
Abstract
Recently, even though 3D bioprinting has made it possible to fabricate 3D artificial tissues/organs, it still faces several significant challenges such as cell sedimentation and aggregation. As the essential element of 3D bioprinting, bioink is usually composed of biological materials and living cells. [...] Read more.
Recently, even though 3D bioprinting has made it possible to fabricate 3D artificial tissues/organs, it still faces several significant challenges such as cell sedimentation and aggregation. As the essential element of 3D bioprinting, bioink is usually composed of biological materials and living cells. Guided by the initially dominant gravitational force, cells sediment, resulting in the non-uniformity of the bioink and the decrease in the printing reliability. This study primarily focuses on the quantification of cell sedimentation-induced cell concentration change and cell aggregation within the bioink reservoir during inkjet-based bioprinting. The major conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) with 0.5% (w/v) sodium alginate, after around 40-min printing time, almost all the cells have sedimented from the top region. The cell concentration at the bottom is measured to be more than doubled after 60-min printing time. On the contrary, due to the slow cell sedimentation velocity with 1.5% and 3% (w/v) sodium alginate, the uniformity of the bioink is still highly maintained after 60-min printing; and (2) more cell aggregates are observed at the bottom with the printing time, and severe cell aggregation phenomenon has been observed at the bottom using 0.5% (w/v) sodium alginate starting from 40-min printing time. With the highest cell concentration 2 × 106 cells/mL, 60.9% of the cells have formed cell aggregates at 40-min printing time. However, cell aggregation is dramatically suppressed by increasing the polymer concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D/4D Bioprinting)
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25 pages, 75333 KiB  
Article
Personalized Artificial Tibia Bone Structure Design and Processing Based on Laser Powder Bed Fusion
by Nan Yang, Youping Gong, Honghao Chen, Wenxin Li, Chuanping Zhou, Rougang Zhou and Huifeng Shao
Machines 2022, 10(3), 205; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/machines10030205 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2183
Abstract
Bone defects caused by bone diseases and bone trauma need to be implanted or replaced by surgery. Therefore, it is of great significance to design and prepare a tibial implant with good biocompatibility and excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. In this paper, with 316L [...] Read more.
Bone defects caused by bone diseases and bone trauma need to be implanted or replaced by surgery. Therefore, it is of great significance to design and prepare a tibial implant with good biocompatibility and excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. In this paper, with 316L stainless steel powder as the main material, a personalized artificial tibia design and processing method based on laser powder bed fusion is proposed. Firstly, the personalized model of the damaged part of the patient is reconstructed. Then, the porous structure of human tibia is manufactured by selective laser melting technology. To research the factors affecting the quality of selective laser melting porous structure, a laser heat source model, heat transfer model and molten pool model of laser powder bed fusion process were constructed; then, by changing the laser process parameters (laser power, laser beam diameter, scanning speed, powder layer thickness, etc.) to conduct multiple sets of simulation experiments, it is obtained that when the “laser power is 180 W, the laser scanning speed is 1000 mm/s, the laser beam diameter is 80 μm, the powder layer thickness is 50 μm”, the porous stainless steel parts with better quality can be obtained. Finally, the porous structure was fabricated by selective laser processing, and its properties were tested and analyzed. The experimental results show that the cell side length of cube is 1.2 mm, the elastic modulus of octahedral porous structure with pillar diameter of 0.35 mm is about 17.88 GPa, which match well with tibial bone tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D/4D Bioprinting)
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