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Metals
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Smelting and Refining Processes for the Primary and Secondary Production...
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Smelting and Refining Processes for the Primary and Secondary Production of Metals

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 7204

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Roberto Parra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Metallurgical Engineering Department, University of Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 285, Concepción CCP4070386, Chile
Interests: high-temperature physical chemistry applied to pyrometallurgical processes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Philip Mackey

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
President at P.J.Mackey Technology Inc, Kirkland, QC H9J 1P7, Canada
Interests: Non Ferrous Pyrometallurgy; copper; nickel; smelting; refining; slags; smelting and refining reactors
Prof. Dr. Igor Wilkomirsky

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Metallurgical Department, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070371, Chile
Interests: Non Ferrous Pyrometallurgy; Green Hydrogen for process metallurgy; smelting; refining; minor elements in non ferrous metallurgy; pyrometallurgical reactor design

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Base metals are now key elements of the sustainable development of our society. Electromobility, decarbonization, and the coming green hydrogen availability are some of the conditions that the development of primary and secondary production are taking into consideration.

This special issue of Metals invites researchers from academia and industry to present original papers addressing primary and secondary smelting and refining, the interface between mining operations and manufacturing industries. We are looking for contributions covering fundamental aspects related to the physical chemistry of smelting, as well as the analysis of processes and reactors. Manuscripts on operational and technological development topics are also of high interest for this Special Issue.

We encourage you to publish your latest developments and research to be part of this effort to provide both academia and industry with a comprehensive view of advancements and trends in this relevant subject.

Prof. Dr. Roberto A. Parra
Dr. Philip Mackey
Prof. Dr. Igor Wilkomirsky
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • smelting
  • refining
  • non-ferrous metallurgy
  • pyrometallurgy
  • thermodynamic
  • slags
  • matte
  • liquid metal

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 5594 KiB  
Article
Liquid Copper and Iron Production from Chalcopyrite, in the Absence of Oxygen
by Katrin E. Daehn, Caspar Stinn, Lucas Rush, Ethan Benderly-Kremen, Mary Elizabeth Wagner, Charles Boury, Brian Chmielowiec, Carolina Gutierrez and Antoine Allanore
Metals 2022, 12(9), 1440; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/met12091440 - 29 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2379
Abstract
Clean energy infrastructure depends on chalcopyrite: the mineral that contains 70% of the world’s copper reserves, as well as a range of precious and critical metals. Smelting is the only commercially viable route to process chalcopyrite, where the oxygen-rich environment dictates the distribution [...] Read more.
Clean energy infrastructure depends on chalcopyrite: the mineral that contains 70% of the world’s copper reserves, as well as a range of precious and critical metals. Smelting is the only commercially viable route to process chalcopyrite, where the oxygen-rich environment dictates the distribution of impurities and numerous upstream and downstream unit operations to manage noxious gases and by-products. However, unique opportunities to address urgent challenges faced by the copper industry arise by excluding oxygen and processing chalcopyrite in the native sulfide regime. Through electrochemical experiments and thermodynamic analysis, gaseous sulfur and electrochemical reduction in a molten sulfide electrolyte are shown to be effective levers to selectively extract the elements in chalcopyrite for the first time. We present a new process flow to supply the increasing demand for copper and byproduct metals using electricity and an inert anode, while decoupling metal production from fugitive gas emissions and oxidized by-products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smelting and Refining Processes for the Primary and Secondary Production of Metals)
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16 pages, 19691 KiB  
Article
Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate with Sodium Carbonate Additive to Produce Iron Granules and High Titania Containing Slag
by Zulfiadi Zulhan, Rifda Dinillah, Toto Yulianton, Imam Santoso and Taufiq Hidayat
Metals 2022, 12(6), 963; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/met12060963 - 3 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2315
Abstract
The influences of heating pattern and sodium carbonate addition on the carbothermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate have been experimentally studied. The experiments were carried out using isothermal–gradient temperature technique between 1000 °C and 1500 °C with different temperature profiles for a total reduction [...] Read more.
The influences of heating pattern and sodium carbonate addition on the carbothermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate have been experimentally studied. The experiments were carried out using isothermal–gradient temperature technique between 1000 °C and 1500 °C with different temperature profiles for a total reduction time between 110 and 160 min. The sodium carbonate was varied between 0 to 60 wt%. It was found that the temperature profile and sodium carbonate addition play an important role on the separation between metallic iron granule and titania rich slag. The optimum condition was achieved at initial and final reduction temperatures of 1300 °C and 1500 °C, respectively, with sodium carbonate addition of 30 wt%. At the optimum condition, the iron recovery was 97.1% and the solidified slag contained titanium pentoxide (Ti3O5), anatase (TiO2), and sodium titanium dioxide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smelting and Refining Processes for the Primary and Secondary Production of Metals)
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12 pages, 4683 KiB  
Article
Recovery of Zinc from the Concentrate of Domestic Waste Processing by Vacuum Distillation
by Sergey Trebukhov, Valeriy Volodin, Alina Nitsenko, Nurila Burabaeva and Galiya Ruzakhunova
Metals 2022, 12(5), 703; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/met12050703 - 20 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1877
Abstract
The heterogeneity and local distribution of elements are established as a result of the study of nonferrous metals distribution and the composition of domestic wastes processing concentrate containing 20–40% copper, 40–50% brass, 20–28% zinc and up to 1% aluminium. Metals are mainly concentrated [...] Read more.
The heterogeneity and local distribution of elements are established as a result of the study of nonferrous metals distribution and the composition of domestic wastes processing concentrate containing 20–40% copper, 40–50% brass, 20–28% zinc and up to 1% aluminium. Metals are mainly concentrated in granules of three types: zinc-based, copper-based and copper–zinc alloy, i.e., brass. The phase composition of these granule types and their structure are determined. Zinc granules are covered with a refractory oxide shell. A distillation processing method for such raw materials based on full state diagrams, including the phase transition of melting pairs of double systems of copper and tin with zinc and lead, is offered. The possibility of a rather complete zinc distillation (over 90%) with the accumulation of other metals in the copper-based alloy, containing more than 96 wt. % of the basic element, has been demonstrated by electric crucible melting in a highly reducing atmosphere. Copper-based alloys, after adjustment for the content of some metals (tin), can be realized as pressure-treated tin bronzes. Copper with the content of impurities corresponding to the standard for blister copper can be electrolytically processed (after dissolution in sulphuric acid) in copper production. Equipment for the implementation of the electro-thermal processing process that provides metal recycling of the metal concentrate is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smelting and Refining Processes for the Primary and Secondary Production of Metals)
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