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Micromachines
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Biosensors for Diagnostic and Detection Applications
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Biosensors for Diagnostic and Detection Applications

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "B1: Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2023) | Viewed by 15258

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yasser Zare

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1125342432, Iran
Interests: biosensors; nanobiotechnology; biopolymers; nanocomposites; modeling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biosensors have attracted significant interest in recent years. A biosensor includes two main components: a biological component, such as cell or enzyme, and a physical component, such as an amplifier or transducer. Biosensors based on various sensing platforms such as electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, thermometric and lab-on-a-chip have been studied. The main features of biosensors are stability, sensitivity, cost and reproducibility. Based on the type of biorecognition unit, biosensors are classified as enzymatic, nucleic acid-based, aptamer-based, antibody-based and whole-cell-based biosensors.    

The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the diagnostic and detection applications of biosensors in healthcare, biotechnology, biomedicine, chemistry, environmental monitoring and food safety. We invite the submission of full research papers, review articles and communications covering the related topics. This Special Issue is devoted to the research, design and development of biosensors and will therefore include research and comprehensive reviews from researchers, pioneers and experts in the biopolymer, nanotechnology, biotechnology, biomedicine and chemistry fields in order to develop the diagnostic and detection applications of biosensors. 

Dr. Yasser Zare
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biosensors
  • diagnostics
  • biotechnology
  • biomedicine
  • nanomaterials

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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8 pages, 1405 KiB  
Article
Detection of HER-3 with an AlGaN/GaN-Based Ion-Sensitive Heterostructure Field Effect Transistor Biosensor
by Fengge Wang, Honghui Liu, Yanyan Xu, Zhiwen Liang, Zhisheng Wu, Yang Liu and Baijun Zhang
Micromachines 2023, 14(6), 1186; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14061186 - 1 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1170
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-3 (HER-3) plays a key role in the growth and metastasis of cancer cells. The detection of HER-3 is very important for early screening and treatment of cancer. The AlGaN/GaN-based ion-sensitive heterostructure field effect transistor (ISHFET) is sensitive to [...] Read more.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-3 (HER-3) plays a key role in the growth and metastasis of cancer cells. The detection of HER-3 is very important for early screening and treatment of cancer. The AlGaN/GaN-based ion-sensitive heterostructure field effect transistor (ISHFET) is sensitive to surface charges. This makes it a promising candidate for the detection of HER-3. In this paper, we developed a biosensor for the detection of HER-3 with AlGaN/GaN-based ISHFET. The AlGaN/GaN-based ISHFET biosensor exhibits a sensitivity of 0.53 ± 0.04 mA/dec in 0.01 M phosphate buffer saline (1× PBS) (pH = 7.4) solution with 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA) at a source and drain voltage of 2 V. The detection limit is 2 ng/mL. A higher sensitivity (2.20 ± 0.15 mA/dec) can be achieved in 1× PBS buffer solution at a source and drain voltage of 2 V. The AlGaN/GaN-based ISHFET biosensor can be used for micro-liter (5 μL) solution measurements and the measurement can be performed after incubation of 5 min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Diagnostic and Detection Applications)
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14 pages, 2855 KiB  
Article
Room-Temperature Self-Healing Conductive Elastomers for Modular Assembly as a Microfluidic Electrochemical Biosensing Platform for the Detection of Colorectal Cancer Exosomes
by Mei Wang, Zilin Zhang, Guangda Li and Aihua Jing
Micromachines 2023, 14(3), 617; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14030617 - 7 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1822
Abstract
Modular components for rapid assembly of microfluidics must put extra effort into solving leakage and alignment problems between individual modules. Here, we demonstrate a conductive elastomer with self-healing properties and propose a modular microfluidic component configuration system that utilizes self-healing without needing external [...] Read more.
Modular components for rapid assembly of microfluidics must put extra effort into solving leakage and alignment problems between individual modules. Here, we demonstrate a conductive elastomer with self-healing properties and propose a modular microfluidic component configuration system that utilizes self-healing without needing external interfaces as an alternative to the traditional chip form. Specifically, dual dynamic covalent bond crosslinks (imine and borate ester bonds) established between Polyurethane (PU) and 2-Formylbenzeneboronic acid (2-FPBA) are the key to a hard room-temperature self-healing elastomeric substrate PP (PU/2-FPBA). An MG (MXene/GO) conductive network with stable layer spacing (Al-O bonds) obtained from MXene and graphene oxide (GO) by in situ reduction of metals confers photothermal conductivity to PP. One-step liquid molding obtained a standardized modular component library of puzzle shapes from PP and MGPP (MG/PP). The exosomes were used to validate the performance of the constructed microfluidic electrochemical biosensing platform. The device has a wide detection range (50–105 particles/μL) and a low limit of detection (LOD) (42 particles/μL) (S/N = 3), providing a disposable, reusable, cost-effective, and rapid analysis platform for quantitative detection of colorectal cancer exosomes. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first exploration of self-healing conductive elastomers for a modular microfluidic electrochemical biosensing platform. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Diagnostic and Detection Applications)
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12 pages, 2163 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of the CYP2C19*2 Allele Based on Exonuclease Ⅲ
by Siling Chen, Rongjun Yu, Ying Li, Jiangling Wu, Jingfu Qiu, Xinyi Huang and Jianjiang Xue
Micromachines 2023, 14(3), 541; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14030541 - 25 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1600
Abstract
Currently, the therapeutic effect of clopidogrel differs considerably among individuals and is thought to be closely related to the genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19. The CYP2C19*2 gene can reduce the antiplatelet aggregation effect of clopidogrel, which increases the risk of major cardiovascular adverse [...] Read more.
Currently, the therapeutic effect of clopidogrel differs considerably among individuals and is thought to be closely related to the genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19. The CYP2C19*2 gene can reduce the antiplatelet aggregation effect of clopidogrel, which increases the risk of major cardiovascular adverse events in patients. In this research, we report a new type of biosensor for the highly sensitive detection of the CYP2C19*2 gene based on exonuclease III assisted electric signal amplification and the use of calixarene to enrich electrical signal substances. Specifically, under the best conditions, the logarithmic concentrations of the analytes have a good linear relationship with the peak current in the range of 0.01 fM to 100 pM and the detection limit is 13.49 aM. The results have also shown that this method has good selectivity, high sensitivity, and stability, etc., and will provide a very promising application for the detection of the CYP2C19*2 gene and other biological molecules by replacing corresponding nucleic acid sequences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Diagnostic and Detection Applications)
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13 pages, 2874 KiB  
Article
Sensor-on-Microtips: Design and Development of Hydrothermally Grown ZnO on Micropipette Tips as a Modified Working Electrode for Detection of Glucose
by Priyannth Ramasami Sundhar Baabu, Ganesh Kumar Mani, John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan, Yuichiro Tsuyuki, Toshiyuki Inazu and Kazuyoshi Tsuchiya
Micromachines 2023, 14(3), 498; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14030498 - 21 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1650
Abstract
Miniaturization of electrochemical components has become less common in the last decade, with the focus predominantly being the design and development of state-of-the-art microelectrodes for achieving small volume analysis of samples. However, such microelectrodes involve cumbersome processing procedures to convert the base material [...] Read more.
Miniaturization of electrochemical components has become less common in the last decade, with the focus predominantly being the design and development of state-of-the-art microelectrodes for achieving small volume analysis of samples. However, such microelectrodes involve cumbersome processing procedures to convert the base material for the required application. A potential paradigm shift in such miniaturization could be achieved by using cheaper alternatives such as plastics to build electrochemical components, such as micropipette tips made of polypropylene, which are commercially available at ease. Hence, this work presents the design of an electrochemical working electrode based upon a micropipette tip, involving minimal processing procedures. Furthermore, such a working electrode was realized by sputtering silver onto a bare micropipette tip using a radio-frequency sputtering technique, to obtain electrical contacts on the tip, followed by hydrothermal growth of ZnO, which acted as the active electrode material. The ZnO nanostructures grown on the micropipette tip were characterized for their morphology and surface properties using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), laser microscope, Raman spectrometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The developed micropipette tip-based electrode was then used as the working electrode in a three-electrode system, wherein its electrochemical stability and properties were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Furthermore, the above system was used to detect glucose concentrations of 10–200 µM, to evaluate its sensing properties using amperometry. The developed working electrode exhibited a sensitivity of 69.02 µA/µM cm−2 and limit of detection of 67.5 µM, indicating the potential for using such modified micropipette tips as low-cost miniaturized sensors to detect various bio-analytes in sample solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Diagnostic and Detection Applications)
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13 pages, 2580 KiB  
Article
A Novel Cortisol Immunosensor Based on a Hafnium Oxide/Silicon Structure for Heart Failure Diagnosis
by Hamdi Ben Halima, Nadia Zine, Joan Bausells, Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault and Abdelhamid Errachid
Micromachines 2022, 13(12), 2235; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13122235 - 16 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1469
Abstract
Assessing cortisol levels in human bodies has become essential to diagnose heart failure (HF). In this work, we propose a salivary cortisol detection strategy as part of an easily integrable lab-on-a-chip for detection of HF biomarkers. Our developed capacitive immunosensor based on hafnium [...] Read more.
Assessing cortisol levels in human bodies has become essential to diagnose heart failure (HF). In this work, we propose a salivary cortisol detection strategy as part of an easily integrable lab-on-a-chip for detection of HF biomarkers. Our developed capacitive immunosensor based on hafnium oxide (HfO2)/silicon structure showed good linearity between increasing cortisol concentration and the charge-transfer resistance/capacitance. Moreover, the developed biosensor was demonstrated to be highly selective toward cortisol compared to other HF biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). The precision of our developed biosensor was evaluated, and the difference between the determined cortisol concentration in saliva and its expected one is <18%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Diagnostic and Detection Applications)
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13 pages, 1872 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Uniform Distribution and Counting Method of Raw Cow’s Milk Somatic Cells
by Wei Zhou, Xingyu Li, Wanyun Su, Hongbiao Zheng, Guangxin An, Zhilin Li and Shanshan Li
Micromachines 2022, 13(12), 2173; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13122173 - 8 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1316
Abstract
The somatic cell count (SCC) in raw milk is an important basis for determining whether a cow is suffering from mastitis. To address the problem of an uneven distribution of somatic cells due to cell-adherent sedimentation, among other reasons, during milk sampling, which [...] Read more.
The somatic cell count (SCC) in raw milk is an important basis for determining whether a cow is suffering from mastitis. To address the problem of an uneven distribution of somatic cells due to cell-adherent sedimentation, among other reasons, during milk sampling, which in turn results in unrepresentative somatic cell counting, a method is proposed for obtaining a uniform distribution of somatic cells and improving the counting accuracy based on a nine-cell grid microfluidic chip. Firstly, a simulation was performed to verify the uniformity of the somatic cell distribution within the chip observation cavities. Secondly, a nine-cell grid microfluidic chip was prepared and a negative-pressure injection system integrating staining and stirring was developed to ensure that the somatic cells were uniformly distributed and free from air contamination during the injection process. As well as the structure of the chip, a microscopic imaging system was developed, and the nine chip observation cavities were photographed. Finally, the somatic cells were counted and the uniformity of the somatic cell distribution was verified using image processing. The experimental results show that the standard deviation coefficient of the SCC in each group of nine images was less than 1.61%. The automatic counting accuracy of the system was between 97.07% and 99.47%. This research method lays the foundation for the detection and prevention of mastitis in cows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Diagnostic and Detection Applications)
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Review

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29 pages, 2585 KiB  
Review
Lateral Flow Assay for Hepatitis B Detection: A Review of Current and New Assays
by Norhidayah Abu, Noremylia Mohd Bakhori and Rafidah Hanim Shueb
Micromachines 2023, 14(6), 1239; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14061239 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5673
Abstract
From acute to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer, hepatitis B infection causes a broad spectrum of liver diseases. Molecular and serological tests have been used to diagnose hepatitis B-related illnesses. Due to technology limitations, it is challenging to identify hepatitis B infection [...] Read more.
From acute to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer, hepatitis B infection causes a broad spectrum of liver diseases. Molecular and serological tests have been used to diagnose hepatitis B-related illnesses. Due to technology limitations, it is challenging to identify hepatitis B infection cases at an early stage, particularly in a low- and middle-income country with constrained resources. Generally, the gold-standard methods to detect hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection requires dedicated personnel, bulky, expensive equipment and reagents, and long processing times which delay the diagnosis of HBV. Thus, lateral flow assay (LFA), which is inexpensive, straightforward, portable, and operates reliably, has dominated point-of-care diagnostics. LFA consists of four parts: a sample pad where samples are dropped; a conjugate pad where labeled tags and biomarker components are combined; a nitrocellulose membrane with test and control lines for target DNA-probe DNA hybridization or antigen-antibody interaction; and a wicking pad where waste is stored. By modifying the pre-treatment during the sample preparation process or enhancing the signal of the biomarker probes on the membrane pad, the accuracy of the LFA for qualitative and quantitative analysis can be improved. In this review, we assembled the most recent developments in LFA technologies for the progress of hepatitis B infection detection. Prospects for ongoing development in this area are also covered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Diagnostic and Detection Applications)
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