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11 pages, 2655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alternative Approach to Design and Optimization of High-Q Ring Resonators for Membrane-Free Acoustic Sensors

by Yongqiu Zheng, Jiamin Chen, Yuan Han, Jiandong Bai, Yifan Luo, Yonghua Wang and Chenyang Xue

Micromachines 2023, 14(10), 1876; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14101876 - 29 Sep 2023

Viewed by 866

Abstract

Membrane-free acoustic sensors based on new principle and structure are becoming a research hotspot, because of many advantages, e.g., their wide bandwidth and high sensitivity. It is proposed that a membrane-free acoustic sensor employs a semi-buried optical waveguide ring resonator (SOWRR) as a [...] Read more.

Membrane-free acoustic sensors based on new principle and structure are becoming a research hotspot, because of many advantages, e.g., their wide bandwidth and high sensitivity. It is proposed that a membrane-free acoustic sensor employs a semi-buried optical waveguide ring resonator (SOWRR) as a sensing element. Using air as the upper cladding medium, the excited evanescent field in the air cladding medium would be modulated by acoustic wave. On this basis, the acoustic sensing model is established. Taking high Q factor and resonance depth as design criteria, the optimal design parameters are given. The optimal values of the air/SiO₂: Ge/SiO₂ waveguide resonator length and coupling spacing are obtained as 50 mm and 5.6 μm, respectively. The Q factor of the waveguide resonator of this size is as high as 8.33 × 10⁶. The theoretical simulation indicates that the frequency response ranges from 1 Hz to 1.58 MHz and that the minimum detectable sound pressure is 7.48 µPa using a laser with linewidth of 1 kHz. Because of its advantages of wide bandwidth and high sensitivity, the membrane-free sensor is expected to become one of the most promising candidates for the next-generation acoustic sensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems)

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16 pages, 13474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Performance All-Optical Logic Operations Using Ψ-Shaped Silicon Waveguides at 1.55 μm

by Amer Kotb, Kyriakos E. Zoiros and Chunlei Guo

Micromachines 2023, 14(9), 1793; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14091793 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 817

Abstract

We simulate with FDTD solutions a complete family of basic Boolean logic operations, which includes XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR, by using compact Ψ-shaped silicon-on-silica optical waveguides that are operated at a 1.55 μm telecommunications wavelength. Four identical slots and [...] Read more.

We simulate with FDTD solutions a complete family of basic Boolean logic operations, which includes XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR, by using compact Ψ-shaped silicon-on-silica optical waveguides that are operated at a 1.55 μm telecommunications wavelength. Four identical slots and one microring resonator, all made of silicon deposited on silica, compose the adopted waveguide. The operating principle of these logic gates is based on the constructive and destructive interferences that result from the phase differences incurred by the launched input optical beams. The performance of these logic operations is evaluated against the contrast ratio (CR) metric. The obtained results suggest that the considered functions designed with the employed waveguide can be realized all-optically with higher CRs and faster speeds than other reported designs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems)

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10 pages, 3540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Wideband FMCW Radar Transceiver System Using Photonic Elements

by Sungjun Yoo, Youngseok Bae and Sunghoon Jang

Micromachines 2023, 14(7), 1296; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14071296 - 24 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1255

Abstract

This paper proposes a FMCW radar transceiver with photonic elements. The proposed radar system is efficiently designed by budget analysis, and a wideband signal is generated using photonic elements. To verify the performance of the proposed radar system, field tests including changes in [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a FMCW radar transceiver with photonic elements. The proposed radar system is efficiently designed by budget analysis, and a wideband signal is generated using photonic elements. To verify the performance of the proposed radar system, field tests including changes in bandwidth are conducted. The results confirm that the resolution of ISAR images improves as the bandwidth increases as expected through the budget analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems)

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15 pages, 4091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Optical Switch Based on Guided-Mode Resonances in Photonic Crystals

by Atiq Ur Rehman, Yousuf Khan, Muhammad Irfan, Shahzaib Choudri, Svetlana N. Khonina, Nikolay L. Kazanskiy and Muhammad A. Butt

Micromachines 2023, 14(6), 1116; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14061116 - 26 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1230

Abstract

Optical switching is an essential part of photonic integrated circuits and the focus of research at the moment. In this research, an optical switch design working on the phenomenon of guided-mode resonances in a 3D photonic-crystal-based structure is reported. The optical-switching mechanism is [...] Read more.

Optical switching is an essential part of photonic integrated circuits and the focus of research at the moment. In this research, an optical switch design working on the phenomenon of guided-mode resonances in a 3D photonic-crystal-based structure is reported. The optical-switching mechanism is studied in a dielectric slab-waveguide-based structure operating in the near-infrared range in a telecom window of 1.55 µm. The mechanism is investigated via the interference of two signals, i.e., the data signal and the control signal. The data signal is coupled into the optical structure and filtered utilizing guided-mode resonance, whereas the control signal is index-guided in the optical structure. The amplification or de-amplification of the data signal is controlled by tuning the spectral properties of the optical sources and structural parameters of the device. The parameters are optimized first using a single-cell model with periodic boundary conditions and later in a finite 3D-FDTD model of the device. The numerical design is computed in an open-source Finite Difference Time Domain simulation platform. Optical amplification in the range of 13.75% is achieved in the data signal with a decrease in the linewidth up to 0.0079 µm, achieving a quality factor of 114.58. The proposed device presents great potential in the field of photonic integrated circuits, biomedical technology, and programmable photonics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems)

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18 pages, 21508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Composite Diffraction-Free Beam Formation Based on Iteratively Calculated Primitives

by Pavel A. Khorin, Alexey P. Porfirev and Svetlana N. Khonina

Micromachines 2023, 14(5), 989; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14050989 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1348

Abstract

To form a diffraction-free beam with a complex structure, we propose to use a set of primitives calculated iteratively for the ring spatial spectrum. We also optimized the complex transmission function of the diffractive optical elements (DOEs), which form some primitive diffraction-free distributions [...] Read more.

To form a diffraction-free beam with a complex structure, we propose to use a set of primitives calculated iteratively for the ring spatial spectrum. We also optimized the complex transmission function of the diffractive optical elements (DOEs), which form some primitive diffraction-free distributions (for example, a square or/and a triangle). The superposition of such DOEs supplemented with deflecting phases (a multi-order optical element) provides to generate a diffraction-free beam with a more complex transverse intensity distribution corresponding to the composition of these primitives. The proposed approach has two advantages. The first is the rapid (for the first few iterations) achievements of an acceptable error in the calculation of an optical element that forms a primitive distribution compared to a complex one. The second advantage is the convenience of reconfiguration. Since a complex distribution is assembled from primitive parts, it can be reconfigured quickly or dynamically by using a spatial light modulator (SLM) by moving and rotating these components. Numerical results were confirmed experimentally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems)

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12 pages, 1729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hall Effect at the Focus of an Optical Vortex with Linear Polarization

by Victor V. Kotlyar, Alexey A. Kovalev, Elena S. Kozlova and Alexey M. Telegin

Micromachines 2023, 14(4), 788; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14040788 - 31 Mar 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1178

Abstract

The tight focusing of an optical vortex with an integer topological charge (TC) and linear polarization was considered. We showed that the longitudinal components of the spin angular momentum (SAM) (it was equal to zero) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) (it was equal [...] Read more.

The tight focusing of an optical vortex with an integer topological charge (TC) and linear polarization was considered. We showed that the longitudinal components of the spin angular momentum (SAM) (it was equal to zero) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) (it was equal to the product of the beam power and the TC) vectors averaged over the beam cross-section were separately preserved during the beam propagation. This conservation led to the spin and orbital Hall effects. The spin Hall effect was expressed in the fact that the areas with different signs of the SAM longitudinal component were separated from each other. The orbital Hall effect was marked by the separation of the regions with different rotation directions of the transverse energy flow (clockwise and counterclockwise). There were only four such local regions near the optical axis for any TC. We showed that the total energy flux crossing the focus plane was less than the total beam power since part of the power propagated along the focus surface, while the other part crossed the focus plane in the opposite direction. We also showed that the longitudinal component of the angular momentum (AM) vector was not equal to the sum of the SAM and the OAM. Moreover, there was no summand SAM in the expression for the density of the AM. These quantities were independent of each other. The distributions of the AM and the SAM longitudinal components characterized the orbital and spin Hall effects at the focus, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems)

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11 pages, 3547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Assessment of a Metal-Insulator-Metal Waveguide-Based Plasmonic Sensor System for the Recognition of Tuberculosis in Blood Plasma

by Muhammad A. Butt

Micromachines 2023, 14(4), 729; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14040729 - 25 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1575

Abstract

In this paper, a numerical analysis of a plasmonic sensor based on a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide is conducted for the detection of tuberculosis (TB)-infected blood plasma. It is not straightforward to directly couple the light to the nanoscale MIM waveguide, because of which [...] Read more.

In this paper, a numerical analysis of a plasmonic sensor based on a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide is conducted for the detection of tuberculosis (TB)-infected blood plasma. It is not straightforward to directly couple the light to the nanoscale MIM waveguide, because of which two Si₃N₄ mode converters are integrated with the plasmonic sensor. This allows the efficient conversion of the dielectric mode into a plasmonic mode, which propagates in the MIM waveguide via an input mode converter. At the output port, the plasmonic mode is converted back to the dielectric mode via the output mode converter. The proposed device is employed to detect TB-infected blood plasma. The refractive index of TB-infected blood plasma is slightly lower than that of normal blood plasma. Therefore, it is important to have a sensing device with high sensitivity. The sensitivity and figure of merit of the proposed device are ~900 nm/RIU and 11.84, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems)

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10 pages, 1246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Auxiliary-Cavity-Assisted Slow and Fast Light in a Photonic Molecule Spinning Optomechanical System

by Hua-Jun Chen, Yun-He Liu and Bao-Hao Xie

Micromachines 2023, 14(3), 655; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14030655 - 14 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1220

Abstract

We investigate the coherent optical propagation in a photonic molecule spinning optomechanical system consisting of two whispering gallery microcavities in which one of the optical cavities is a spinning optomechanical cavity and the other one is an ordinary auxiliary optical cavity. As the [...] Read more.

We investigate the coherent optical propagation in a photonic molecule spinning optomechanical system consisting of two whispering gallery microcavities in which one of the optical cavities is a spinning optomechanical cavity and the other one is an ordinary auxiliary optical cavity. As the optomechanical cavity is spinning along the clockwise or counterclockwise direction, the cavity field can undergo different Sagnac effects, which accompanies the auxiliary optical cavity, together influencing the process of the evolution of optomechanically induced transparency and its related propagation properties, such as fast and slow light effects. The numerical results indicate that the enhanced slow and fast light and the conversion from fast to slow light (or slow to fast light) are determined by the spinning direction of the optomechanical cavity and the coupling of the two optical cavities. The study affords further insight into the photonic molecule spinning optomechanical systems and also indicates promising applications in quantum information processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems)

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Review

Jump to: Research

25 pages, 7015 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Photonic Sensors Based on Ring Resonator Structures: Three Widely Used Platforms and Implications of Sensing Applications

by Nikolay L. Kazanskiy, Svetlana N. Khonina and Muhammad A. Butt

Micromachines 2023, 14(5), 1080; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14051080 - 20 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4178

Abstract

Optical ring resonators (RRs) are a novel sensing device that has recently been developed for several sensing applications. In this review, RR structures based on three widely explored platforms, namely silicon-on-insulator (SOI), polymers, and plasmonics, are reviewed. The adaptability of these platforms allows [...] Read more.

Optical ring resonators (RRs) are a novel sensing device that has recently been developed for several sensing applications. In this review, RR structures based on three widely explored platforms, namely silicon-on-insulator (SOI), polymers, and plasmonics, are reviewed. The adaptability of these platforms allows for compatibility with different fabrication processes and integration with other photonic components, providing flexibility in designing and implementing various photonic devices and systems. Optical RRs are typically small, making them suitable for integration into compact photonic circuits. Their compactness allows for high device density and integration with other optical components, enabling complex and multifunctional photonic systems. RR devices realized on the plasmonic platform are highly attractive, as they offer extremely high sensitivity and a small footprint. However, the biggest challenge to overcome is the high fabrication demand related to such nanoscale devices, which limits their commercialization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems)

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