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Micromachines
Special Issues
Electrochemical Sensors for Neuroscience: Design, Fabrication and Performance
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Electrochemical Sensors for Neuroscience: Design, Fabrication and Performance

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "B：Biology and Biomedicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 13076

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Prabhu Arumugam

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
Interests: electrochemical sensors; chemical neuroscience; micro-nanofabrication; carbon nanomaterials; electrode development; 3D printing; biosensors; neurodegenerative diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of multiplexed neural probes for real-time in vivo sensing of neurochemicals is a critical step in the study and effective treatment of brain disorders. Abnormal neurochemical signaling is an underlying signature of many devastating brain dynamical disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, traumatic brain injury, as well as drug addiction across the USA and worldwide.

Therefore, it is critical to be able to understand and monitor the long-term spatiotemporal dynamics of the key neurochemicals in the brain whose dysregulation contributes to these disorders. With the advent of modern engineering materials and micro–nanofabrication science, electrochemical sensors can be easily miniaturized into microarrays for multiplexed neurochemical detection with excellent spatial-temporal resolution. However, challenges exist in operating the sensors reliably and chronically with minimal fouling and inflammation in challenging environments such as the brain itself. This Special Issue will focus on the design, fabrication, testing, and optimization of electrochemical sensors that involve novel designs, new transduction mechanisms, new material and coating integration strategies, and multifunctionality with applications to neuroscience. Within the scope of this Special Issue, detailed data and analysis will also be presented that elucidate the long-term stability, reliability, and reproducibility that plague the application of sensors to ex vivo and in vivo conditions.

Dr. Prabhu Arumugam
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electrochemical
  • Microsensors
  • Micro-nanofabrication
  • Nanomaterials
  • Neurochemicals/neurotransmitters
  • Biosensors
  • Micro-nanoarrays
  • Cyclic voltammetry
  • Amperometry
  • 3D printing
  • Conducting polymers
  • Molecular imprinting
  • Carbon nanomaterials
  • Sensor design/materials selection/optimization
  • Performance in challenging environments
  • Biostability/biocompatibility
  • Multiplexing

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2380 KiB  
Article
Nafion and Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Modified Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Microelectrodes for Detection of Dopamine and Serotonin
by An-Yi Chang, Shabnam Siddiqui and Prabhu U. Arumugam
Micromachines 2021, 12(5), 523; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi12050523 - 06 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2088
Abstract
Neurochemicals play a critical role in the function of the human brain in healthy and diseased states. Here, we have investigated three types of microelectrodes, namely boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (BDUNCD), nafion-modified BDUNCD, and nafion–multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified BDUNCD microelectrodes for long-term neurochemical detection. [...] Read more.
Neurochemicals play a critical role in the function of the human brain in healthy and diseased states. Here, we have investigated three types of microelectrodes, namely boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (BDUNCD), nafion-modified BDUNCD, and nafion–multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified BDUNCD microelectrodes for long-term neurochemical detection. A ~50 nm-thick nafion–200-nm-thick MWCNT-modified BDUNCD microelectrode provided an excellent combination of sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of dopamine (DA; 6.75 μA μM−1 cm−2) and serotonin (5-HT; 4.55 μA μM−1 cm−2) in the presence of excess amounts of ascorbic acid (AA), the most common interferent. Surface stability studies employing droplet-based microfluidics demonstrate rapid response time (<2 s) and low limits of detection (5.4 ± 0.40 nM). Furthermore, we observed distinguishable DA and 5-HT current peaks in a ternary mixture during long-term stability studies (up to 9 h) with nafion–MWCNT-modified BDUNCD microelectrodes. Reduced fouling on the modified BDUNCD microelectrode surface offers significant advantages for their use in long-term neurochemical detection as compared to those of prior-art microelectrodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors for Neuroscience: Design, Fabrication and Performance)
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Review

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32 pages, 2468 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in In Vivo Neurochemical Monitoring
by Chao Tan, Elaine M. Robbins, Bingchen Wu and Xinyan Tracy Cui
Micromachines 2021, 12(2), 208; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi12020208 - 18 Feb 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5008
Abstract
The brain is a complex network that accounts for only 5% of human mass but consumes 20% of our energy. Uncovering the mysteries of the brain’s functions in motion, memory, learning, behavior, and mental health remains a hot but challenging topic. Neurochemicals in [...] Read more.
The brain is a complex network that accounts for only 5% of human mass but consumes 20% of our energy. Uncovering the mysteries of the brain’s functions in motion, memory, learning, behavior, and mental health remains a hot but challenging topic. Neurochemicals in the brain, such as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, gliotransmitters, hormones, and metabolism substrates and products, play vital roles in mediating and modulating normal brain function, and their abnormal release or imbalanced concentrations can cause various diseases, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. A wide range of techniques have been used to probe the concentrations of neurochemicals under normal, stimulated, diseased, and drug-induced conditions in order to understand the neurochemistry of drug mechanisms and develop diagnostic tools or therapies. Recent advancements in detection methods, device fabrication, and new materials have resulted in the development of neurochemical sensors with improved performance. However, direct in vivo measurements require a robust sensor that is highly sensitive and selective with minimal fouling and reduced inflammatory foreign body responses. Here, we review recent advances in neurochemical sensor development for in vivo studies, with a focus on electrochemical and optical probes. Other alternative methods are also compared. We discuss in detail the in vivo challenges for these methods and provide an outlook for future directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors for Neuroscience: Design, Fabrication and Performance)
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28 pages, 3995 KiB  
Review
Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities
by Erin K. Purcell, Michael F. Becker, Yue Guo, Seth A. Hara, Kip A. Ludwig, Collin J. McKinney, Elizabeth M. Monroe, Robert Rechenberg, Cory A. Rusinek, Akash Saxena, James R. Siegenthaler, Caryl E. Sortwell, Cort H. Thompson, James K. Trevathan, Suzanne Witt and Wen Li
Micromachines 2021, 12(2), 128; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi12020128 - 26 Jan 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5283
Abstract
Carbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters both in vitro and in vivo, carbon [...] Read more.
Carbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters both in vitro and in vivo, carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) also have limitations in their fabrication, flexibility, and chronic stability. Diamond is a form of carbon with a more rigid bonding structure (sp3-hybridized) which can become conductive when boron-doped. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is characterized by an extremely wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Additionally, methods for processing and patterning diamond allow for high-throughput batch fabrication and customization of electrode arrays with unique architectures. While tradeoffs in sensitivity can undermine the advantages of BDD as a neurochemical sensor, there are numerous untapped opportunities to further improve performance, including anodic pretreatment, or optimization of the FSCV waveform, instrumentation, sp2/sp3 character, doping, surface characteristics, and signal processing. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in diamond electrodes for neurochemical sensing and discuss potential opportunities for future advancements of the technology. We highlight our team’s progress with the development of an all-diamond fiber ultramicroelectrode as a novel approach to advance the performance and applications of diamond-based neurochemical sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors for Neuroscience: Design, Fabrication and Performance)
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