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Micromachines
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Advances in Electrochemical Supercapacitors and Their Application in Energy Storage
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Advances in Electrochemical Supercapacitors and Their Application in Energy Storage

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "C：Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2023) | Viewed by 13431

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Razium Ali Soomro

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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
Interests: energy materials; 2D materials; supercapacitors; secondary batteries
Dr. Muhammad Kashif Aslam

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Interests: energy conversion and storage
Prof. Dr. Hassan Karimi-Maleh

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science & Technology, Chengdu 611731, China
Interests: water analysis; water/wastewater treatment; sustainable technologies; sensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The rising depletion of fossil fuel sources, and the associated environmental concerns, have driven energy storage technologies to the forefront of research and industry interests. Among the improved technologies, electrochemical supercapacitors, particularly hybrid supercapacitors, a combination of conventional EDLC and pseudocapacitors, are under the spotlight for their improved storage capability and bode well for high-power systems, grid energy storage, hybrid automobiles, and consumer electronics. The remarkable advances in electrochemical supercapacitor technologies are intrinsically related to electrode materials. Thus, engineering new materials with unique chemistries are critical in designing ideal supercapacitors with their performance customized to the application. 

This Special Issue brings together the most recent and cutting-edge supercapacitor research covering new material synthesis, theoretical calculations, electrode fabrication, characterization, modeling, and simulation of supercapacitors and their integration into portable devices and consumer electronics. The contribution of original research papers, communications, and reviews dedicated to the progress, design, synthesis, and performance of electrochemical supercapacitors for energy storage applications are highly encouraged.

Dr. Razium Ali Soomro
Dr. Muhammad Kashif Aslam
Prof. Dr. Hassan Karimi-Maleh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrochemical supercapacitor
  • carbon material
  • 2D Materials
  • energy storage
  • composite materials
  • electrode materials
  • nanomaterials
  • hybrid supercapacitors
  • organic supercapacitors
  • flexible and wearable supercapacitors

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 3437 KiB  
Article
PANI-Coated VOx Nanobelts with Core-Shell Architecture for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitor
by Qiang Zhang, Xianran Li, Yinyin Zheng, Qian Tu, Shiwen Wei, Hong Shi, Wentao Tang and Liangzhe Chen
Micromachines 2023, 14(10), 1856; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14101856 - 28 Sep 2023
Viewed by 671
Abstract
As a typical pseudocapacitor material, VOx possesses mixed valence states, making it an ideal electrode material for symmetric screen-printed supercapacitors. However, its high internal resistance and low energy density are the main hurdles to its widespread application. In this study, a two-dimensional [...] Read more.
As a typical pseudocapacitor material, VOx possesses mixed valence states, making it an ideal electrode material for symmetric screen-printed supercapacitors. However, its high internal resistance and low energy density are the main hurdles to its widespread application. In this study, a two-dimensional PANI@VOx nanobelt with a core-shell architecture was constructed via a two-step route. This strategy involves the preparation of VOx using a solvothermal method, and a subsequent in situ polymerization process of the PANI. By virtue of the synergistic effect between the VOx core and the PANI shell, the optimal VOx@PANI has an enhanced conductivity of 0.7 ± 0.04 S/Ω, which can deliver a high specific capacitance of 347.5 F/g at 0.5 A/g, a decent cycling life of ~72.0%, and an outstanding Coulomb efficiency of ~100% after 5000 cycles at 5 A/g. Moreover, a flexible all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor (VOx@PANI SSC) with an in-planar interdigitated structure was screen-printed and assembled on a nickel current collector; it yielded a remarkable areal energy density of 115.17 μWh/cm2 at an areal power density of 0.39 mW/cm2, and possessed outstanding flexibility and mechanical performance. Notably, a “Xiaomi” hygrothermograph (3.0 V) was powered easily by tandem SSCs with an operating voltage of 3.1 V. Therefore, this advanced pseudocapacitor material with core-shell architecture opens novel ideas for flexible symmetric supercapacitors in powering portable/wearable products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Supercapacitors and Their Application in Energy Storage)
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17 pages, 4502 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Physical Mixing and Impregnation on the Physicochemical Properties of Pine Wood Activated Carbon Produced by One-Step ZnCl2 Activation
by Josphat Phiri, Hamidreza Ahadian, Maria Sandberg, Karin Granström and Thad Maloney
Micromachines 2023, 14(3), 572; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14030572 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1658
Abstract
In this study, two different sample preparation methods to synthesize activated carbon from pine wood were compared. The pine wood activated carbon was prepared by mixing ZnCl2 by physical mixing, i.e., “dry mixing” and impregnation, i.e., “wet mixing” before high temperature carbonization. [...] Read more.
In this study, two different sample preparation methods to synthesize activated carbon from pine wood were compared. The pine wood activated carbon was prepared by mixing ZnCl2 by physical mixing, i.e., “dry mixing” and impregnation, i.e., “wet mixing” before high temperature carbonization. The influence of these methods on the physicochemical properties of activated carbons was examined. The activated carbon was analyzed using nitrogen sorption (surface area, pore volume and pore size distribution), XPS, density, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Physical mixing led to a slightly higher density carbon (1.83 g/cm3) than wet impregnation (1.78 g/cm3). Raman spectroscopy analysis also showed that impregnation led to activated carbon with a much higher degree of defects than physical mixing, i.e., ID/IG = 0.86 and 0.89, respectively. The wet impregnated samples also had better overall textural properties. For example, for samples activated with 1:1 ratio, the total pore volume was 0.664 vs. 0.637 cm3/g and the surface area was 1191 vs. 1263 m2/g for dry and wet mixed samples, respectively. In the electrochemical application, specifically in supercapacitors, impregnated samples showed a much better capacitance at low current densities, i.e., 247 vs. 146 F/g at the current density of 0.1 A/g. However, the physically mixed samples were more stable after 5000 cycles: 97.8% versus 94.4% capacitance retention for the wet impregnated samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Supercapacitors and Their Application in Energy Storage)
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13 pages, 3625 KiB  
Article
Hierarchical NiMn-LDH Hollow Spheres as a Promising Pseudocapacitive Electrode for Supercapacitor Application
by Jai Kumar, Rana R. Neiber, Zaheer Abbas, Razium Ali Soomro, Amal BaQais, Mohammed A. Amin and Zeinhom M. El-Bahy
Micromachines 2023, 14(2), 487; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14020487 - 19 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2350
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are regarded as attractive pseudocapacitive materials due to their impressive capacitive qualities that may be adjustable to their morphological features. However, the layered structure of LDH renders them susceptible to structural aggregation, which inhibits effective electrolyte transport and limits [...] Read more.
Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are regarded as attractive pseudocapacitive materials due to their impressive capacitive qualities that may be adjustable to their morphological features. However, the layered structure of LDH renders them susceptible to structural aggregation, which inhibits effective electrolyte transport and limits their practical applicability after limited exposure to active areas. Herein, we propose a simple template-free strategy to synthesize hierarchical hollow sphere NiMn-LDH material with high surface area and exposed active as anode material for supercapacitor application. The template-free approach enables the natural nucleation of Ni-Mn ions resulting in thin sheets that self-assemble into a hollow sphere, offering expended interlayer spaces and abundant redox-active active sites. The optimal NiMn-LDH-12 achieved a specific capacitance of 1010.4 F g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 with capacitance retention of 70% at 5 A g−1 after 5000 cycles with lower charge transfer impedance. When configured into an asymmetric supercapacitors (ASC) device as NiMn-LDH//AC, the material realized a specific capacitance of 192.4 F g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 with a good energy density of 47.9 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 196.8 W kg−1. The proposed morphological-tuning route is promising for designing template-free NiMn-LDHs spheres with practical pseudocapacitive characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Supercapacitors and Their Application in Energy Storage)
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11 pages, 2177 KiB  
Article
Valorization of Banana Peel Using Carbonization: Potential Use in the Sustainable Manufacturing of Flexible Supercapacitors
by Melkie Getnet Tadesse, Esubalew Kasaw and Jörn Felix Lübben
Micromachines 2023, 14(2), 330; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14020330 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2897
Abstract
Sustainable and environmentally friendly activated carbon from biomass materials is proposed to produce supercapacitors from banana peels and has the potential to replace the non-sustainable and hazardous process from either graphite or/and fossil fuels. In order to determine the potential of using banana [...] Read more.
Sustainable and environmentally friendly activated carbon from biomass materials is proposed to produce supercapacitors from banana peels and has the potential to replace the non-sustainable and hazardous process from either graphite or/and fossil fuels. In order to determine the potential of using banana peel for supercapacitor application, raw banana peel, a bio-waste, was activated both mechanically and chemically to observe the real differences. The sample was activated at 700 °C and chemically activated using KOH. Characterization of activated banana peel was performed using FTIR, DLS, TGA and XRD analytical equipment. FTIR analysis revised the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl and aromatic compounds on a banana peel cellulose-based carbon. The TGA results proved that 700 °C could be sufficient to totally carbonize banana peel. DLS clearly showed a strong difference between the carbonized and KOH-activated material in particle size distribution. Meanwhile, surface area analysis using BET displayed an increase from 553.862 m2/g to 565.024 m2/g BET in surface area (SBET) when carbon was activated using KOH with a nitrogen isotherm at 77.350 K. Specific capacitance was increased from 0.3997 Fg−1 to 0.821 Fg−1, suggesting more than a 100% increase in the specific capacity due to KOH activation, as proved by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve. The X-ray diffraction results revealed the patterns of activated carbon. The findings demonstrated the feasibility of using banana peel waste as a low-cost and sustainable material for the preparation of flexible supercapacitor batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Supercapacitors and Their Application in Energy Storage)
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20 pages, 7596 KiB  
Article
Hierarchical Activated Carbon–MnO2 Composite for Wide Potential Window Asymmetric Supercapacitor Devices in Organic Electrolyte
by Markus Diantoro, Istiqomah Istiqomah, Yusril Al Fath, Nandang Mufti, Nasikhudin Nasikhudin, Worawat Meevasana and Yatimah Binti Alias
Micromachines 2022, 13(11), 1989; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13111989 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2032
Abstract
The consumption of electrical energy grows alongside the development of global industry. Generating energy storage has become the primary focus of current research, examining supercapacitors with high power density. The primary raw material used in supercapacitor electrodes is activated carbon (AC). To improve [...] Read more.
The consumption of electrical energy grows alongside the development of global industry. Generating energy storage has become the primary focus of current research, examining supercapacitors with high power density. The primary raw material used in supercapacitor electrodes is activated carbon (AC). To improve the performance of activated carbon, we used manganese dioxide (MnO2), which has a theoretical capacitance of up to 1370 Fg−1. The composite-based activated carbon with a different mass of 0–20% MnO2 was successfully introduced as the positive electrode. The asymmetric cell supercapacitors based on activated carbon as the anode delivered an excellent gravimetric capacitance, energy density, and power density of 84.28 Fg−1, 14.88 Wh.kg−1, and 96.68 W.kg−1, respectively, at 1 M Et4NBF4, maintaining 88.88% after 1000 test cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Supercapacitors and Their Application in Energy Storage)
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Review

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32 pages, 7757 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress of Electrode Architecture for MXene/MoS2 Supercapacitor: Preparation Methods and Characterizations
by Muhammad Akmal Kosnan, Mohd Asyadi Azam, Nur Ezyanie Safie, Rose Farahiyan Munawar and Akito Takasaki
Micromachines 2022, 13(11), 1837; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13111837 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3007
Abstract
Since their discovery, MXenes have conferred various intriguing features because of their distinctive structures. Focus has been placed on using MXenes in electrochemical energy storage including a supercapacitor showing significant and promising development. However, like other 2D materials, MXene layers unavoidably experience stacking [...] Read more.
Since their discovery, MXenes have conferred various intriguing features because of their distinctive structures. Focus has been placed on using MXenes in electrochemical energy storage including a supercapacitor showing significant and promising development. However, like other 2D materials, MXene layers unavoidably experience stacking agglomeration because of its great van der Waals forces, which causes a significant loss of electrochemically active sites. With the help of MoS2, a better MXene-based electrodecan is planned to fabricate supercapacitors with the remarkable electrochemical performance. The synthesis of MXene/MoS2 and the ground effects of supercapacitors are currently being analysed by many researchers internationally. The performance of commercial supercapacitors might be improved via electrode architecture. This analysis will support the design of MXene and MoS2 hybrid electrodes for highly effective supercapacitors. Improved electrode capacitance, voltage window and energy density are discussed in this literature study. With a focus on the most recent electrochemical performance of both MXene and MoS2-based electrodes and devices, this review summarises recent developments in materials synthesis and its characterisation. It also helps to identify the difficulties and fresh possibilities MXenes MoS2 and its hybrid heterostructure in this developing field of energy storage. Future choices for constructing supercapacitors will benefit from this review. This review examines the newest developments in MXene/MoS2 supercapacitors, primarily focusing on compiling literature from 2017 through 2022. This review also presents an overview of the design (structures), recent developments, and challenges of the emerging electrode materials, with thoughts on how well such materials function electrochemically in supercapacitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Supercapacitors and Their Application in Energy Storage)
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