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Microorganisms
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Enterovirus and Type 1 Diabetes 2.0
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Enterovirus and Type 1 Diabetes 2.0

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (24 January 2022) | Viewed by 10806

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Didier Hober

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University of Lille and CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
Interests: viral pathogenesis; enterovirus; coxsackieviruses B; persistence; virus inactivation; virus detection; antiviral drugs; type 1 diabetes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is the continuation of our 2020 Special Issue “Enterovirus and Type 1 Diabetes”.

Fifty years ago, Taylor et al. reported the presence of neutralizing anti-coxsackievirus B4 antibodies in serum of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Since this pioneering work in the field of enteroviruses and T1D, epidemiological studies have been carried out to display an association between enterovirus infections and the disease. The presence of markers of enteroviral infection (infectious particles, viral RNA and protein and antibodies) has been investigated in various biological samples of patients: blood, saliva, stools, gut, pancreas necropsies, and, more recently, pancreas biopsies. Moreover, the hypothesis of the role of enteroviruses, especially coxsackieviruses B (CV-B), in the pathogenesis of T1D has been a driving force to improve the knowledge about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of enterovirus infection and about the impact of enteroviruses on cells that are possibly involved in the development of the disease. Since the disease is a result of the disturbance of pancreas islet beta cells, the interaction between enteroviruses and these insulin-producing cells and other pancreas cells has been studied. Thus, the persistence of these viruses in cells has been observed. In addition, a possible disturbing effect of CV-B on the central tolerance, through the impact of viruses on the thymus, has been investigated. It has been reported that antibodies enhance the infection of immune cells with CV-B, which results in an activation of interferon alpha that can induce autoimmunity. The identification of enteroviruses as agents possibly involved in the development of T1D has driven forward research to fight these viruses through various strategies based on antiviral molecules and vaccines. The enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D can be conceived in a form of the result of a complex interplay between enteroviruses and the host. This topic, “Enterovirus and Type 1 Diabetes”, deserves a Special Issue in Microorganisms.

Prof. Dr. Didier Hober
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • enterovirus
  • coxsackieviruses B
  • type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2231 KiB  
Article
Persistence of Coxsackievirus B4 in Pancreatic β Cells Disturbs Insulin Maturation, Pattern of Cellular Proteins, and DNA Methylation
by Magloire Pandoua Nekoua, Antoine Bertin, Famara Sane, Jean-Pascal Gimeno, Isabelle Fournier, Michel Salzet, Ilka Engelmann, Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou and Didier Hober
Microorganisms 2021, 9(6), 1125; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9061125 - 22 May 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2386
Abstract
Coxsackievirus-B4 (CV-B4) can persist in pancreatic cell lines and impair the phenoytpe and/or gene expressions in these cells; however, the models used to study this phenomenon did not produce insulin. Therefore, we investigated CV-B4 persistence and its consequences in insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. [...] Read more.
Coxsackievirus-B4 (CV-B4) can persist in pancreatic cell lines and impair the phenoytpe and/or gene expressions in these cells; however, the models used to study this phenomenon did not produce insulin. Therefore, we investigated CV-B4 persistence and its consequences in insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. The insulin-secreting rat β cell line, INS-1, was infected with CV-B4. After lysis of a large part of the cell layer, the culture was still maintained and no additional cytopathic effect was observed. The amount of insulin in supernatants of cell cultures persistently infected with CV-B4 was not affected by the infection; in fact, a larger quantity of proinsulin was found. The mRNA expression of pro-hormone convertase 2, an enzyme involved in the maturation of proinsulin into insulin and studied using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, was inhibited in infected cultures. Further, the pattern of 47 cell proteins analyzed using Shotgun mass spectrometry was significantly modified. The DNA of persistently infected cell cultures was hypermethylated unlike that of controls. The persistent infection of INS-1 cells with CV-B4 had a deep impact on these cells, especially on insulin metabolism. Cellular changes caused by persistent CV-B4 infection of β cells can play a role in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enterovirus and Type 1 Diabetes 2.0)
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Review

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26 pages, 1562 KiB  
Review
Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: From Enteroviruses to the Virome
by Sonia R. Isaacs, Dylan B. Foskett, Anna J. Maxwell, Emily J. Ward, Clare L. Faulkner, Jessica Y. X. Luo, William D. Rawlinson, Maria E. Craig and Ki Wook Kim
Microorganisms 2021, 9(7), 1519; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9071519 - 16 Jul 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7682
Abstract
For over a century, viruses have left a long trail of evidence implicating them as frequent suspects in the development of type 1 diabetes. Through vigorous interrogation of viral infections in individuals with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes using serological and molecular [...] Read more.
For over a century, viruses have left a long trail of evidence implicating them as frequent suspects in the development of type 1 diabetes. Through vigorous interrogation of viral infections in individuals with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes using serological and molecular virus detection methods, as well as mechanistic studies of virus-infected human pancreatic β-cells, the prime suspects have been narrowed down to predominantly human enteroviruses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of evidence supporting the hypothesised role of enteroviruses in the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. We also discuss concerns over the historical focus and investigation bias toward enteroviruses and summarise current unbiased efforts aimed at characterising the complete population of viruses (the “virome”) contributing early in life to the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Finally, we review the range of vaccine and antiviral drug candidates currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the prevention and potential treatment of type 1 diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enterovirus and Type 1 Diabetes 2.0)
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