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Nanomaterials
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Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures
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Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 21309

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mohammad Malikan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
Interests: plates and shells theory; viscoelasticity; FGMs; composite structures; size-dependent theories; smart composites; nanocomposites; molecular dynamics; electro-mechanical structures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Shahriar Dastjerdi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Mechanics, Civil Engineering Department, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
Interests: micro/nanomechanics; plates and shells theory; mechanical behavior of carbon nanostructures (fullerene, single- and multi-layered graphene particles); viscoelasticity; three-dimensional elasticity analysis; numerical and semi-analytical solution methods; atomic force microscope; crack analysis; FGMs; composite structures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nanotechnology knowledge is always looking to expand its boundaries to achieve the greatest benefit to human life and meet the growing needs of today. In this case, we can refer to nanosensors. These electrical devices are capable of detecting very small physical stimuli up to one nanometer in size. Today, micro/nanosensors devices are widely used in the environment. For example, sensors made of silicon are suspended in the air for hours and can monitor air pollution. Therefore, the prediction of the mechanical response of such small size particles in different physical and environmental conditions is momentous. To obtain this, micro and nano-mechanics enable the scientific basis of the structural response of micro/nanostructures based on different situations.

For this Special Issue, we intend to cover theoretical as well as experimental works performed on small scale to predict the material behavior of any metamaterials. These structures can be investigated computationally through several theories such as multiscale modelling, size-dependent continuum approaches, etc. and also computer simulations such as molecular dynamics. New studies on mechanics of all small scale structures such as MEMS/NEMS, carbon and non-carbon nanotubes (e.g., CNTs, Carbon nitride, and Boron nitride nanotubes), micro/nano-sensors, nanocomposites, macro composites reinforced by micro-/nano-fillers (e.g., graphene platelets), etc. are also included in this Special Issue.

Dr. Mohammad Malikan
Dr. Shahriar Dastjerdi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Micro/Nano-scale theories
  • Micro/Nano FGMs
  • Micro/Nanocomposites
  • Micro/Nano-electro-mechanical particles
  • Multiscale models
  • Micro/Nano-wires
  • Carbon and non-carbon nanotubes
  • Atomic force microscope

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 4242 KiB  
Article
Cement Composites with Graphene Nanoplatelets and Recycled Milled Carbon Fibers Dispersed in Air Nanobubble Water
by Anastasia I. Patrinou, Eirini Tziviloglou, Athanasios Varoutoglou, Evangelos P. Favvas, Athanasios C. Mitropoulos, George Z. Kyzas and Zoi S. Metaxa
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(16), 2786; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12162786 - 14 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1591
Abstract
The individual effect of nano- and micro-carbon-based fillers on the mechanical and the electrical properties of cement paste were experimentally examined in this study. The objective of the study was to separately examine the effects of size and morphology (platelets and fibers) of [...] Read more.
The individual effect of nano- and micro-carbon-based fillers on the mechanical and the electrical properties of cement paste were experimentally examined in this study. The objective of the study was to separately examine the effects of size and morphology (platelets and fibers) of nano- and micro-reinforcement. Three different sizes of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs), at contents of 0.05% and 0.20% and recycled milled carbon fibers (rCFs), at various dosages from 0.1–2.5% by weight of cement, were incorporated into the cementitious matrix. GNPs and rCFs were dispersed in water with air nanobubbles (NBs), an innovative method that, compared to common practice, does not require the use of chemicals or high ultrasonic energy. Compressive and bending tests were performed on GNPs- and rCFs-composites. The four-wire-method was used to evaluate the effect of the conductive fillers on the electrical resistivity of cement paste. The compressive and flexural strength of all the cementitious composites demonstrated a considerable increase compared to the reference specimens. Improvement of 269.5% and of 169% was observed at the compressive and flexural strength, respectively, at the GNPs–cement composites incorporating the largest lateral size GNPs at a concentration of 0.2% by weight of cement. Moreover, the rCFs–cement composites increased their compressive and flexural strength by 186% and 210%, respectively, compared to the reference specimens. The electrical resistivity of GNPs- and rCFs-composite specimens reduced up to 59% and 48%, respectively, compared to the reference specimens, which proves that the incorporation of GNPs and rCFs can create a conductive network within the cementitious matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures)
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18 pages, 11226 KiB  
Article
Hyperelastic Microcantilever AFM: Efficient Detection Mechanism Based on Principal Parametric Resonance
by Amin Alibakhshi, Sasan Rahmanian, Shahriar Dastjerdi, Mohammad Malikan, Behrouz Karami, Bekir Akgöz and Ömer Civalek
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(15), 2598; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12152598 - 28 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1486
Abstract
The impetus of writing this paper is to propose an efficient detection mechanism to scan the surface profile of a micro-sample using cantilever-based atomic force microscopy (AFM), operating in non-contact mode. In order to implement this scheme, the principal parametric resonance characteristics of [...] Read more.
The impetus of writing this paper is to propose an efficient detection mechanism to scan the surface profile of a micro-sample using cantilever-based atomic force microscopy (AFM), operating in non-contact mode. In order to implement this scheme, the principal parametric resonance characteristics of the resonator are employed, benefiting from the bifurcation-based sensing mechanism. It is assumed that the microcantilever is made from a hyperelastic material, providing large deformation under small excitation amplitude. A nonlinear strain energy function is proposed to capture the elastic energy stored in the flexible component of the device. The tip–sample interaction is modeled based on the van der Waals non-contact force. The nonlinear equation governing the AFM’s dynamics is established using the extended Hamilton’s principle, obeying the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. As a result, the vibration behavior of the system is introduced by a nonlinear equation having a time-dependent boundary condition. To capture the steady-state numerical response of the system, a developed Galerkin method is utilized to discretize the partial differential equation to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE) that are solved by the combination of shooting and arc-length continuation method. The output reveals that while the resonator is set to be operating near twice the fundamental natural frequency, the response amplitude undergoes a significant drop to the trivial stable branch as the sample’s profile experiences depression in the order of the picometer. According to the performed sensitivity analysis, the proposed working principle based on principal parametric resonance is recommended to design AFMs with ultra-high detection resolution for surface profile scanning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures)
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9 pages, 2825 KiB  
Article
Study on Nanoporous Graphene-Based Hybrid Architecture for Surface Bonding
by Xiaohui Song, Mingxiang Chen, Jingshuang Zhang, Rui Zhang and Wei Zhang
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(14), 2483; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12142483 - 20 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1306
Abstract
Graphene-copper nanolayered composites have received research interest as promising packaging materials in developing next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices. The weak van der Waal (vdW) contact between graphene and metal matrix significantly reduces the mechanical performance of such composites. The current study describes a [...] Read more.
Graphene-copper nanolayered composites have received research interest as promising packaging materials in developing next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices. The weak van der Waal (vdW) contact between graphene and metal matrix significantly reduces the mechanical performance of such composites. The current study describes a new Cu-nanoporous graphene-Cu based bonding method with a low bonding temperature and good dependability. The deposition of copper atoms onto nanoporous graphene can help to generate nanoislands on the graphene surface, facilitating atomic diffusion bonding to bulk copper bonding surfaces at low temperatures, according to our extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the bonding process and pull-out verification using the canonical ensemble (NVT). Furthermore, the interfacial mechanical characteristics of graphene/Cu nanocomposites can be greatly improved by the resistance of nanostructure in nanoporous graphene. These findings are useful in designing advanced metallic surface bonding processes and graphene-based composites with tenable performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures)
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18 pages, 2186 KiB  
Article
Wear of Functionally Graded Coatings under Frictional Heating Conditions
by Vladimir B. Zelentsov, Polina A. Lapina and Boris I. Mitrin
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(1), 142; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12010142 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1305
Abstract
Multilayered and functionally graded coatings are extensively used for protection against wear of the working surfaces of mechanisms and machines subjected to sliding contact. The paper considers the problem of wear of a strip made of a functionally graded material, taking into account [...] Read more.
Multilayered and functionally graded coatings are extensively used for protection against wear of the working surfaces of mechanisms and machines subjected to sliding contact. The paper considers the problem of wear of a strip made of a functionally graded material, taking into account the heating of the sliding contact from friction. Wear is modeled by a moving strip along the surface of a hard abrasive in the form of a half-plane. With the help of the integral Laplace transform with respect to time, the solutions are constructed as convolutions from the law of the introduction of an abrasive into the strip and the original in the form of a contour integral of the inverse Laplace transform. The study of the integrands of contour quadratures in the complex plane allowed determination of the regions of stable solutions to the problem. Unstable solutions of the problem lead to the concept of thermoelastic instability of the contact with friction and formed regions of unstable solutions. The solutions obtained made it possible to determine a formula for the coefficient of functionally graded inhomogeneity of the coating material and to study its effect on the occurrence of thermoelastic instability of the contact taking friction into account, as well as on its main characteristics: temperature, displacement, stress and wear of the functionally graded material of the coating. The effects of the abrasive speed, contact stresses and temperature on wear of the coating with the functionally graded inhomogeneity of the material by the depth were investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures)
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16 pages, 4128 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Free and Forced Vibrations of a Hyperelastic Micro/Nanobeam Considering Strain Stiffening Effect
by Amin Alibakhshi, Shahriar Dastjerdi, Mohammad Malikan and Victor A. Eremeyev
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(11), 3066; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano11113066 - 14 Nov 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2309
Abstract
In recent years, the static and dynamic response of micro/nanobeams made of hyperelasticity materials received great attention. In the majority of studies in this area, the strain-stiffing effect that plays a major role in many hyperelastic materials has not been investigated deeply. Moreover, [...] Read more.
In recent years, the static and dynamic response of micro/nanobeams made of hyperelasticity materials received great attention. In the majority of studies in this area, the strain-stiffing effect that plays a major role in many hyperelastic materials has not been investigated deeply. Moreover, the influence of the size effect and large rotation for such a beam that is important for the large deformation was not addressed. This paper attempts to explore the free and forced vibrations of a micro/nanobeam made of a hyperelastic material incorporating strain-stiffening, size effect, and moderate rotation. The beam is modelled based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, and strains are obtained via an extended von Kármán theory. Boundary conditions and governing equations are derived by way of Hamilton’s principle. The multiple scales method is applied to obtain the frequency response equation, and Hamilton’s technique is utilized to obtain the free undamped nonlinear frequency. The influence of important system parameters such as the stiffening parameter, damping coefficient, length of the beam, length-scale parameter, and forcing amplitude on the frequency response, force response, and nonlinear frequency is analyzed. Results show that the hyperelastic microbeam shows a nonlinear hardening behavior, which this type of nonlinearity gets stronger by increasing the strain-stiffening effect. Conversely, as the strain-stiffening effect is decreased, the nonlinear frequency is decreased accordingly. The evidence from this study suggests that incorporating strain-stiffening in hyperelastic beams could improve their vibrational performance. The model proposed in this paper is mathematically simple and can be utilized for other kinds of micro/nanobeams with different boundary conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures)
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15 pages, 1943 KiB  
Article
Free Vibration of Thin-Walled Composite Shell Structures Reinforced with Uniform and Linear Carbon Nanotubes: Effect of the Elastic Foundation and Nonlinearity
by Avey Mahmure, Francesco Tornabene, Rossana Dimitri and Nuri Kuruoglu
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(8), 2090; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano11082090 - 17 Aug 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2063
Abstract
In this work, we discuss the free vibration behavior of thin-walled composite shell structures reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a nonlinear setting and resting on a Winkler–Pasternak Foundation (WPF). The theoretical model and the differential equations associated with the problem account for [...] Read more.
In this work, we discuss the free vibration behavior of thin-walled composite shell structures reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a nonlinear setting and resting on a Winkler–Pasternak Foundation (WPF). The theoretical model and the differential equations associated with the problem account for different distributions of CNTs (with uniform or nonuniform linear patterns), together with the presence of an elastic foundation, and von-Karman type nonlinearities. The basic equations of the problem are solved by using the Galerkin and Grigolyuk methods, in order to determine the frequencies associated with linear and nonlinear free vibrations. The reliability of the proposed methodology is verified against further predictions from the literature. Then, we examine the model for the sensitivity of the vibration response to different input parameters, such as the mechanical properties of the soil, or the nonlinearities and distributions of the reinforcing CNT phase, as useful for design purposes and benchmark solutions for more complicated computational studies on the topic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures)
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17 pages, 7472 KiB  
Article
Endowing Acceptable Mechanical Properties of Segregated Conductive Polymer Composites with Enhanced Filler-Matrix Interfacial Interactions by Incorporating High Specific Surface Area Nanosized Carbon Black
by Huibin Cheng, Xiaoli Sun, Baoquan Huang, Liren Xiao, Qinghua Chen, Changlin Cao and Qingrong Qian
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(8), 2074; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano11082074 - 16 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1869
Abstract
Tuning the high properties of segregated conductive polymer materials (CPCs) by incorporating nanoscale carbon fillers has drawn increasing attention in the industry and academy fields, although weak interfacial interaction of matrix-filler is a daunting challenge for high-loading CPCs. Herein, we present a facile [...] Read more.
Tuning the high properties of segregated conductive polymer materials (CPCs) by incorporating nanoscale carbon fillers has drawn increasing attention in the industry and academy fields, although weak interfacial interaction of matrix-filler is a daunting challenge for high-loading CPCs. Herein, we present a facile and efficient strategy for preparing the segregated conducting ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-based composites with acceptable mechanical properties. The interfacial interactions, mechanical properties, electrical properties and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of the UHMWPE/conducting carbon black (CCB) composites were investigated. The morphological and Raman mapping results showed that UHMWPE/high specific surface area CCB (h-CCB) composites demonstrate an obviously interfacial transition layer and strongly interfacial adhesion, as compared to UHMWPE/low specific surface area CCB (l-CCB) composites. Consequently, the high-loading UHMWPE/h-CCB composite (beyond 10 wt% CCB dosage) exhibits higher strength and elongation at break than the UHMWPE/l-CCB composite. Moreover, due to the formation of a densely stacked h-CCB network under the enhanced filler-matrix interfacial interactions, UHMWPE/h-CCB composite possesses a higher EMI SE than those of UHMWPE/l-CCB composites. The electrical conductivity and EMI SE value of the UHMWPE/h-CCB composite increase sharply with the increasing content of h-CCB. The EMI SE of UHMWPE/h-CCB composite with 10 wt% h-CCB is 22.3 dB at X-band, as four times that of the UHMWPE/l-CCB composite with same l-CCB dosage (5.6 dB). This work will help to manufacture a low-cost and high-performance EMI shielding material for modern electronic systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures)
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9 pages, 3854 KiB  
Article
Assembly of Copolymer and Metal−Organic Framework HKUST-1 to Form Cu2−xS/CNFs Intertwining Network for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
by Yuanjuan Bai, Yanran Li, Gonggang Liu and Jinbo Hu
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(6), 1505; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano11061505 - 07 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2402
Abstract
The construction of complex intertwined networks that provide fast transport pathways for ions/electrons is very important for electrochemical systems such as water splitting, but a challenge. Herein, a three dimensional (3-D) intertwined network of Cu2−xS/CNFs (x = 0 or 0.04) has [...] Read more.
The construction of complex intertwined networks that provide fast transport pathways for ions/electrons is very important for electrochemical systems such as water splitting, but a challenge. Herein, a three dimensional (3-D) intertwined network of Cu2−xS/CNFs (x = 0 or 0.04) has been synthesized through the morphology-preserved thermal transformation of the intertwined PEG-b-P4VP/ HKUST-1 hybrid networks. The strong interaction between PEG chains and Cu2+ is the key to the successful assembly of PEG-b-P4VP nanofibers and HKUST-1, which inhibits the HKUST-1 to form individual crystalline particles. The obtained Cu2−xS/CNFs composites possess several merits, such as highly exposed active sites, high-speed electronic transmission pathways, open pore structure, etc. Therefore, the 3-D intertwined hierarchical network of Cu2−xS/CNFs displays an excellent electrocatalytic activity for HER, with a low overpotential (η) of 276 mV to reach current densities of 10 mA cm−2, and a smaller Tafel slope of 59 mV dec−1 in alkaline solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures)
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15 pages, 5853 KiB  
Article
Forced Vibration Analysis of Composite Beams Reinforced by Carbon Nanotubes
by Ömer Civalek, Şeref D. Akbaş, Bekir Akgöz and Shahriar Dastjerdi
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(3), 571; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano11030571 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 2534
Abstract
This paper presents forced vibration analysis of a simply supported beam made of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite material subjected to a harmonic point load at the midpoint of beam. The composite beam is made of a polymeric matrix and reinforced the single-walled carbon nanotubes [...] Read more.
This paper presents forced vibration analysis of a simply supported beam made of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite material subjected to a harmonic point load at the midpoint of beam. The composite beam is made of a polymeric matrix and reinforced the single-walled carbon nanotubes with their various distributions. In the beam kinematics, the first-order shear deformation beam theory was used. The governing equations of problem were derived by using the Lagrange procedure. In the solution of the problem, the Ritz method was used, and algebraic polynomials were employed with the trivial functions for the Ritz method. In the solution of the forced vibration problem, the Newmark average acceleration method was applied in the time history. In the numerical examples, the effects of carbon nanotube volume fraction, aspect ratio, and dynamic parameters on the forced vibration response of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite beams are investigated. In addition, some comparison studies were performed, with special results of published papers to validate the using formulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures)
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Review

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29 pages, 4637 KiB  
Review
Multiscale Mechanical Performance of Wood: From Nano- to Macro-Scale across Structure Hierarchy and Size Effects
by Yuri I. Golovin, Alexander A. Gusev, Dmitry Yu. Golovin, Sergey M. Matveev and Inna A. Vasyukova
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(7), 1139; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12071139 - 29 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2622
Abstract
This review describes methods and results of studying the mechanical properties of wood at all scales: from nano- to macro-scale. The connection between the mechanical properties of material and its structure at all these levels is explored. It is shown that the existing [...] Read more.
This review describes methods and results of studying the mechanical properties of wood at all scales: from nano- to macro-scale. The connection between the mechanical properties of material and its structure at all these levels is explored. It is shown that the existing size effects in the mechanical properties of wood, in a range of the characteristic sizes of the structure of about six orders of magnitude, correspond to the empirical Hall-Petch relation. This “law” was revealed more than 60 years ago in metals and alloys and later in other materials. The nature, as well as the particular type of the size dependences in different classes of materials can vary, but the general trend, “the smaller the stronger”, remains true both for wood and for other cellulose-containing materials. The possible mechanisms of the size effects in wood are being discussed. The correlations between the mechanical and thermophysical properties of wood are described. Several examples are used to demonstrate the possibility to forecast the macromechanical properties of wood by means of contactless thermographic express methods based on measuring temperature diffusivity. The research technique for dendrochronological and dendroclimatological studies by means of the analysis of microhardness and Young’s modulus radial dependences in annual growth rings is described. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Micro- and Nano-Size Materials and Structures)
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