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Pathogens
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Malaria: Current Opportunities in Therapeutics and Vaccines
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Malaria: Current Opportunities in Therapeutics and Vaccines

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines and Therapeutic Developments".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 May 2023) | Viewed by 4804

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Anita Cohen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
UMR IRD 257 VITROME, Aix-Marseille Université, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
Interests: medicinal chemistry; infectiology; medical treatments

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Today, malaria remains one of the most important public health problems and currently shows stagnant progress, causing an estimated 229,000 cases and 409,000 deaths worldwide in 2019, according to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) World Malaria Report. In a context of increasing (multi)drug resistance, the recent WHO recommendation for widespread use of the RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) malaria vaccine in children in sub-Saharan Africa and other areas with moderate to high P. falciparum malaria transmission was declared to be "a breakthrough for science, child health, and malaria control" by WHO Director-General Dr T. A. Ghebreyesus.

I would like to invite colleagues who are studying any aspect of malaria treatment, whether preventive or curative, to submit their preclinical/clinical developments or feedback on their use from a public health perspective to this Special Issue. All types of articles will be considered for publication, including short reports, original research articles, and reviews.

Dr. Anita Cohen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • malaria treatment
  • preventive treatment
  • vaccination
  • curative treatment
  • antimalarial drugs resistance

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 2064 KiB  
Article
Design, Synthesis, and Antiprotozoal Evaluation of New Promising 2,9-Bis[(substituted-aminomethyl)]-4,7-phenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Derivatives, a Potential Alternative Scaffold to Drug Efflux
by Jean Guillon, Anita Cohen, Clotilde Boudot, Sarah Monic, Solène Savrimoutou, Stéphane Moreau, Sandra Albenque-Rubio, Camille Lafon-Schmaltz, Alexandra Dassonville-Klimpt, Jean-Louis Mergny, Luisa Ronga, Mikel Bernabeu de Maria, Jeremy Lamarche, Cristina Dal Lago, Eric Largy, Valérie Gabelica, Serge Moukha, Pascale Dozolme, Patrice Agnamey, Nadine Azas, Catherine Mullié, Bertrand Courtioux and Pascal Sonnetadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Pathogens 2022, 11(11), 1339; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11111339 - 13 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1504
Abstract
A series of novel 2,9-bis[(substituted-aminomethyl)]-4,7-phenyl-1,10-phenanthroline derivatives was designed, synthesized, and evaluated in vitro against three protozoan parasites (Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma brucei brucei). Pharmacological results showed antiprotozoal activity with IC50 values in the sub and [...] Read more.
A series of novel 2,9-bis[(substituted-aminomethyl)]-4,7-phenyl-1,10-phenanthroline derivatives was designed, synthesized, and evaluated in vitro against three protozoan parasites (Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma brucei brucei). Pharmacological results showed antiprotozoal activity with IC50 values in the sub and μM range. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity of these original molecules was assessed with human HepG2 cells. The substituted diphenylphenanthroline 1l was identified as the most potent antimalarial derivative with a ratio of cytotoxic to antiparasitic activities of 505.7 against the P. falciparum CQ-resistant strain W2. Against the promastigote forms of L. donovani, the phenanthrolines 1h, 1j, 1n and 1o were the most active with IC50 from 2.52 to 4.50 μM. The phenanthroline derivative 1o was also identified as the most potent trypanosomal candidate with a selectivity index (SI) of 91 on T. brucei brucei strain. FRET melting and native mass spectrometry experiments evidenced that the nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives bind the telomeric G-quadruplexes of P. falciparum and Trypanosoma. Moreover, as the telomeres of the parasites P. falciparum and Trypanosoma could be considered to be possible targets of this kind of nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives, their potential ability to stabilize the parasitic telomeric G-quadruplexes have been determined through the FRET melting assay and by native mass spectrometry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Malaria: Current Opportunities in Therapeutics and Vaccines)
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15 pages, 3622 KiB  
Article
Genetic Diversity of Circumsporozoite Surface Protein of Plasmodium vivax from the Central Highlands, Vietnam
by Tuấn Cường Võ, Nguyen Thi Minh Trinh, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Won Gi Yoo, Huynh Hong Quang and Byoung-Kuk Na
Pathogens 2022, 11(10), 1158; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11101158 - 07 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1247
Abstract
The circumsporozoite surface protein of Plasmodium vivax (PvCSP) plays a critical role in parasite biology. It has been extensively studied as a leading vivax-malaria-vaccine candidate. In this study, the genetic polymorphism and natural selection of pvcsp in P. vivax isolates collected from the [...] Read more.
The circumsporozoite surface protein of Plasmodium vivax (PvCSP) plays a critical role in parasite biology. It has been extensively studied as a leading vivax-malaria-vaccine candidate. In this study, the genetic polymorphism and natural selection of pvcsp in P. vivax isolates collected from the Central Highlands, Vietnam were analyzed to understand the genetic structure of the parasite circulating in the endemic area and to provide baseline information for effective vaccine development based on the protein. Only two major alleles, VK210 and VK247, were detected in Vietnamese pvcsp, with VK247 being the predominant one. The N-terminal and C-terminal regions of Vietnamese VK210 and VK247 variants showed a low genetic diversity. Amino acid substitutions, insertions of a single amino acid or octapeptide (ANKKAEDA in VK210 and ANKKAGDA in VK247), and tetrapeptide repeat motifs (GGNA) were the main factors generating genetic diversity in the two regions of the Vietnamese VK210 and VK247 variants. Interestingly, these two regions of Vietnamese pvcsp displayed a unique natural selection pressure distinct from global pvcsp, particularly with the neighboring Southeast Asian pvcsp population. Meanwhile, the central repeat region (CRR) in both the VK210 and VK247 variants showed a high degree of polymorphic characters, caused by varying numbers, types, and combinations of peptide repeat motifs (PRMs) in Vietnamese pvcsp. Highly complicated polymorphic patterns of the CRR were also detected in global pvcsp. These results expand our understanding of the genetic structure of Vietnamese pvcsp and the population dynamics of P. vivax in the Central Highlands, Vietnam. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Malaria: Current Opportunities in Therapeutics and Vaccines)
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11 pages, 262 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Mass Testing, Treatment and Tracking on the Prevalence of Febrile Illness in Children under 15 in Ghana
by Collins Stephen Ahorlu, Ignatius Cheng Ndong, Daniel Okyere, Benedicta A. Mensah, Chuo Ennestine Chu, Juliana Y. Enos and Benjamin Abuaku
Pathogens 2022, 11(10), 1118; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11101118 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1464
Abstract
Background: Malaria remains a serious threat to children under 15 years of age in sub-Sahara Africa. Mass testing, treatment and tracking (MTTT) of malaria has been reported to reduce parasite load significantly. However, the impact of MTTT on the prevalence of febrile illnesses [...] Read more.
Background: Malaria remains a serious threat to children under 15 years of age in sub-Sahara Africa. Mass testing, treatment and tracking (MTTT) of malaria has been reported to reduce parasite load significantly. However, the impact of MTTT on the prevalence of febrile illnesses in children under 15 is not yet clear. This study explores the impact of MTTT complemented by prompt home-based management of malaria on febrile illnesses and their treatment in children under 15 years old. Methods: A cohort of 460 children under 15 years were recruited from the Pakro subdistrict in Ghana during a community-wide implementation of a quarterly MTTT intervention. The MTTT implementation involved testing all household members for malaria using RDTs, and positive cases were treated with Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). Febrile illnesses among this cohort in the two weeks prior to the prevalence survey at baseline and endline were recorded to constitute date for analysis. Results: The prevalence of febrile illnesses, such chills, convulsion, fever, diarrhoea, headache, vomit, cough/rashes or stomachache, etc., were recorded). Asymptomatic parasitaemia prevalence at baseline was 53.3%, which dropped to 44.1% at evaluation. An overall decrease in the parasitaemia prevalence of 33.0% (OR = 0.67, CI = 0.50, 0.89) was observed at evaluation compared to baseline after adjusting for age, ITN use and temperature. A 67% decrease in severe anaemia cases (Hb < 7) was observed at evaluation. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that implementing MTTT complemented by home-based timely management of malaria does not only reduce febrile illnesses and for that matter malaria prevalence, but could also reduce severe anaemia in children under 15 years old. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Malaria: Current Opportunities in Therapeutics and Vaccines)
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