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Pathogens
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Role of Pathogens in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer
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Role of Pathogens in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunological Responses and Immune Defense Mechanisms".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 15662

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Leonardo A. Sechi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
Interests: molecular bacteriology; medical microbiology; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; primer; autoimmune disease; microbial genetics; antigen; microbial pathogenesis; bacteriophage; virulence factors; nervous system autoimmune diseases; Mycobacteria; Crohn’s disease; molecular pathogenesis; cerebrospinal fluid; bionumerics; Mycobacterium avium; myelin basic proteins; Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The globally widespread diseases, classified as diseases of civilization, namely multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Crohn’s disease, asthma, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis and a significant number of tumours (colon rectal cancer, prostate cancer, etc.), are at least partially associated with microbial triggers of immune-controlled chronic inflammatory response. The exposure of people to nontuberculous mycobacteria from water, aerosols and food is playing an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases. This exposure is increasing in the last decades in connection with increasing of different factors of civilization worldwide. Hence, nontuberculous mycobacteria pose a global health risk. Other bacterial triggers include Chlamydiae, enterobacteria, Helicobacter and many others.

On the other hand, viruses are a major trigger of neurodegenerative diseases as multiple sclerosis (EBV, HERVs and others) and Parkinson’s (HSV1 and others) in addition to some tumours (e.g., cervical cancer caused by papillomavirus,  liver cancer due to hepatitis virus, Burkitt’s lymphoma from Epstein–Barr virus).

Prof. Dr. Leonardo A. Sechi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • chronic inflammatory diseases
  • autoimmune diseases
  • cancer
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • microbial triggers

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Review, Other

3 pages, 179 KiB  
Editorial
Long History of Queries about Bovine Paratuberculosis as a Risk Factor for Human Health
by Karel Hruska and Leonardo A. Sechi
Pathogens 2021, 10(11), 1394; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens10111394 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1519
Abstract
Motto: All truth passes through three stages [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Pathogens in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer)

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Other

21 pages, 2959 KiB  
Review
Multidistrict Host–Pathogen Interaction during COVID-19 and the Development Post-Infection Chronic Inflammation
by Marialaura Fanelli, Vita Petrone, Margherita Buonifacio, Elisabetta Delibato, Emanuela Balestrieri, Sandro Grelli, Antonella Minutolo and Claudia Matteucci
Pathogens 2022, 11(10), 1198; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11101198 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3207
Abstract
Due to the presence of the ACE2 receptor in different tissues (nasopharynx, lung, nervous tissue, intestine, liver), the COVID-19 disease involves several organs in our bodies. SARS-CoV-2 is able to infect different cell types, spreading to different districts. In the host, an uncontrolled [...] Read more.
Due to the presence of the ACE2 receptor in different tissues (nasopharynx, lung, nervous tissue, intestine, liver), the COVID-19 disease involves several organs in our bodies. SARS-CoV-2 is able to infect different cell types, spreading to different districts. In the host, an uncontrolled and altered immunological response is triggered, leading to cytokine storm, lymphopenia, and cellular exhaustion. Hence, respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and systemic multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) are established. This scenario is also reflected in the composition of the microbiota, the balance of which is regulated by the interaction with the immune system. A change in microbial diversity has been demonstrated in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy donors, with an increase in potentially pathogenic microbial genera. In addition to other symptoms, particularly neurological, the occurrence of dysbiosis persists after the SARS-CoV-2 infection, characterizing the post-acute COVID syndrome. This review will describe and contextualize the role of the immune system in unbalance and dysbiosis during SARS-CoV-2 infection, from the acute phase to the post-COVID-19 phase. Considering the tight relationship between the immune system and the gut–brain axis, the analysis of new, multidistrict parameters should be aimed at understanding and addressing chronic multisystem dysfunction related to COVID-19. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Pathogens in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer)
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17 pages, 331 KiB  
Review
The Influence of Oncogenic Viruses in Renal Carcinogenesis: Pros and Cons
by Bianca Manole, Costin Damian, Simona-Eliza Giusca, Irina Draga Caruntu, Elena Porumb-Andrese, Catalina Lunca, Olivia Simona Dorneanu, Luminita Smaranda Iancu and Ramona Gabriela Ursu
Pathogens 2022, 11(7), 757; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11070757 - 02 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2342
Abstract
Viral infections are major contributors to the global cancer burden. Recent advances have revealed that known oncogenic viruses promote carcinogenesis through shared host cell targets and pathways. The aim of this review is to point out the connection between several oncogenic viruses from [...] Read more.
Viral infections are major contributors to the global cancer burden. Recent advances have revealed that known oncogenic viruses promote carcinogenesis through shared host cell targets and pathways. The aim of this review is to point out the connection between several oncogenic viruses from the Polyomaviridae, Herpesviridae and Flaviviridae families and renal carcinogenesis, highlighting their involvement in the carcinogenic mechanism. We performed a systematic search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases, which was carried out for all the published studies on RCC in the last 10 years, using the following search algorithm: renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and urothelial carcinoma, and oncogenic viruses (BKPyV, EBV, HCV, HPV and Kaposi Sarcoma Virus), RCC and biomarkers, immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our analysis included studies that were published in English from the 1st of January 2012 to the 1st of May 2022 and that described and analyzed the assays used for the detection of oncogenic viruses in RCC and urothelial carcinoma. The virus most frequently associated with RCC was BKPyV. This review of the literature will help to understand the pathogenic mechanism of the main type of renal malignancy and whether the viral etiology can be confirmed, at a minimum, as a co-factor. In consequence, these data can contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies. A virus-induced tumor could be efficiently prevented by vaccination or treatment with oncolytic viral therapy and/or by targeted therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Pathogens in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer)
14 pages, 287 KiB  
Review
Merkel Cell Polyoma Virus and Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus Types in Skin Cancers: Optimal Detection Assays, Pathogenic Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Vaccination
by Ramona Gabriela Ursu, Costin Damian, Elena Porumb-Andrese, Nicolae Ghetu, Roxana Gabriela Cobzaru, Catalina Lunca, Carmen Ripa, Diana Costin, Igor Jelihovschi, Florin Dumitru Petrariu and Luminita Smaranda Iancu
Pathogens 2022, 11(4), 479; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11040479 - 16 Apr 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2988
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses are recognized to be involved in some cancers, based on very well-established criteria of carcinogenicity. For cervical cancer and liver cancer, the responsible viruses are well-known (e.g., HPV, HBV); in the case of skin cancer, there are still many studies which [...] Read more.
Oncogenic viruses are recognized to be involved in some cancers, based on very well-established criteria of carcinogenicity. For cervical cancer and liver cancer, the responsible viruses are well-known (e.g., HPV, HBV); in the case of skin cancer, there are still many studies which are trying to identify the possible viral etiologic agents as principal co-factors in the oncogenic process. We analysed scientific literature published in the last 5 years regarding mechanisms of carcinogenicity, methods of detection, available targeted therapy, and vaccination for Merkel cell polyomavirus, and beta human papillomavirus types, in relation to skin cancer. This review is targeted at presenting the recent findings which support the involvement of these viruses in the development of some types of skin cancers. In order to optimize the management of skin cancer, a health condition of very high importance, it would be ideal that the screening of skin cancer for these two analysed viruses (MCPyV and beta HPV types) to be implemented in each region’s/country’s cancer centres’ molecular detection diagnostic platforms, with multiplex viral capability, optimal sensitivity, and specificity; clinically validated, and if possible, at acceptable costs. For confirmatory diagnosis of skin cancer, another method should be used, with a different principle, such as immunohistochemistry, with specific antibodies for each virus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Pathogens in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer)

Other

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 669 KiB  
Systematic Review
BCG Vaccination and the Risk of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Parnian Jamshidi, Bardia Danaei, Benyamin Mohammadzadeh, Mahta Arbabi, Amirhossein Nayebzade, Leonardo A. Sechi and Mohammad Javad Nasiri
Pathogens 2023, 12(4), 581; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens12040581 - 12 Apr 2023
Viewed by 2016
Abstract
(1) Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by progressive and irreversible autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cell islets, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency. To date, several epidemiologic and observational studies have evaluated the possible impact of BCG vaccination [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by progressive and irreversible autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cell islets, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency. To date, several epidemiologic and observational studies have evaluated the possible impact of BCG vaccination on T1D development, but the results are controversial. To elucidate this issue, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published cohort studies in this field. (2) Methods: A systematic search was performed for relevant studies published up to 20 September 2022 using Pubmed/Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Cohort studies, containing original information about the association between T1D and BCG vaccination, were included for further analysis. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the risk ratio of T1D in BCG-vaccinated individuals compared to unvaccinated ones were assessed using the fixed effect model. (3) Results: Out of 630 potentially relevant articles, five cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. The total population of all included studies was 864,582. The overall pooled risk ratio of T1D development in BCG vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals was found to be 1.018 (95% CI 0.908–1.141, I2: 0%). (4) Conclusions: Our study revealed no protective or facilitative effect of prior BCG vaccination in T1D development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Pathogens in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer)
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2 pages, 566 KiB  
Obituary
Hermon-Taylor: M. paratuberculosis and Crohn’s Disease—The Book of Revelation According to John
by Coad Thomas Dow
Pathogens 2021, 10(11), 1469; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens10111469 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2597
Abstract
Professor John Hermon-Taylor recently passed away on 16 October 2021 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Pathogens in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer)
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