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Photonics
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Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II
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Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Lasers, Light Sources and Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2024 | Viewed by 16401

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yuxi Ruan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Northfield Ave., Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Interests: laser interferometry; optical sensing and measurement; laser dynamics; microwave photonic
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Bin Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
Interests: laser interferometry; optical sensing; optical fiber sensor; laser dynamics; optoelectronic signal processing; machine learning for optical sensing and measurement; embedded systems for measurement and instrumentation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yuanlong Fan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Technology, Xidian University-Hangzhou, Hangzhou 311231, China
Interests: nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers; nanolasers; optical sensing and measurement
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the continuation of the momentum generated by the successful "Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement" special issue, we embark on a new chapter of exploration. Over the past decade, the landscape of scientific progress has been witness to remarkable strides in photonics, leading to a seismic shift that displaces traditional technologies. This transformative change has unveiled a realm of unprecedented possibilities in the realm of sensing and measurement. These breakthroughs have given rise to novel optical and optoelectronic measuring systems, constituting a significant milestone in innovation across a multitude of science and engineering domains. With an unwavering commitment to amplify the impact of this swiftly evolving field, we are thrilled to introduce yet another Special Issue that stands as a continuum of excellence. This platform aims to unite experts, cultivating innovative solutions for the imminent challenges in photonic sensing and measurement.

The scope of this Special Issue spans a wide horizon, including but not limited to the following facets:

  • Optical fiber sensors;
  • Biophotonics;
  • Optical coherence tomography;
  • Fiber-optic spectroscopy;
  • Quantum optics for sensing;
  • Nonlinear optical techniques for sensing;
  • Ultrafast laser-based sensing;
  • Photonic crystal sensors;
  • Biochemical sensing using photonics;
  • Optical nanosensors;
  • Remote sensing using photonics;
  • Terahertz photonics;
  • Optical instrumentation and measurement;
  • Photonic devices for sensing and measurement;
  • Integrated photonic sensors;
  • Interferometers;
  • Laser sensors;
  • Microwave photonic sensing.

We extend a warm invitation to you to contribute your invaluable insights and knowledge through articles, perspectives, and reviews. Your participation will undoubtedly enrich this collective endeavor, propelling our understanding and applications of photonic sensing and measurement to new heights.

Dr. Yuxi Ruan
Dr. Bin Liu
Dr. Yuanlong Fan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • photonics
  • sensing
  • measurement
  • optical fiber sensors
  • biophotonics
  • quantum optics
  • nanosensors
  • remote sensing
  • terahertz
  • optical instrumentation
  • photonic devices
  • interferometers
  • microwave photonic sensing

Published Papers (19 papers)

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13 pages, 4656 KiB  
Article
Integrated Wavefront Sensing and Processing Method Utilizing Optical Neural Network
by Gang Luo, Yuanchao Geng, Deen Wang, Qiang Yuan, Dongxia Hu and Wanguo Zheng
Photonics 2024, 11(4), 351; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11040351 - 10 Apr 2024
Viewed by 422
Abstract
Wavefront sensors and processors are vital components of adaptive optical (AO) systems, directly impacting the operating bandwidth. As application scenarios become increasingly complex, AO systems are confronted with more extreme atmospheric turbulence. Additionally, as optical systems scale up, the data processing demands of [...] Read more.
Wavefront sensors and processors are vital components of adaptive optical (AO) systems, directly impacting the operating bandwidth. As application scenarios become increasingly complex, AO systems are confronted with more extreme atmospheric turbulence. Additionally, as optical systems scale up, the data processing demands of AO systems increase exponentially. These challenges necessitate advancements in wavefront sensing and processing capabilities. To address this, this paper proposes an integrated wavefront sensing and processing method based on the optical neural network architecture, capable of directly providing control coefficients for the wavefront corrector. Through simulation and experimentation, this method demonstrates high sensing precision and processing speed, promising to realize large-scale, high-bandwidth AO systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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14 pages, 4080 KiB  
Article
Performance Enhancement in a Few-Mode Rayleigh-Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis System Using Pulse Coding and LMD Algorithm
by Lixin Zhang, Xuan Li, Jianjian Wang, Lei Zhang and Yongqian Li
Photonics 2024, 11(4), 308; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11040308 - 27 Mar 2024
Viewed by 553
Abstract
Rayleigh Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) uses the backscattered Rayleigh light generated in the fiber as the probe light, which has a lower detection light intensity compared to the BOTDA technique. As a result, its temperature-sensing technology suffers from a low signal-to-noise [...] Read more.
Rayleigh Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) uses the backscattered Rayleigh light generated in the fiber as the probe light, which has a lower detection light intensity compared to the BOTDA technique. As a result, its temperature-sensing technology suffers from a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and severe sensing unreliability due to the influence of the low probe signal and high noise level. The pulse coding and LMD denoising method are applied to enhance the performance of the Brillouin frequency shift detection and temperature measurement. In this study, the mechanism of Rayleigh BOTDA based on a few-mode fiber (FMF) is investigated, the principles of the Golay code and local mean decomposition (LMD) algorithm are analyzed, and the experimental setup of the Rayleigh BOTDA system using an FMF is constructed to analyze the performance of the sensing system. Compared with a single pulse of 50 ns, the 32-bit Golay coding with a pulse width of 10 ns improves the spatial resolution to 1 m. Further enhanced by the LMD algorithm, the SNR and temperature measurement accuracy are increased by 5.5 dB and 1.05 °C, respectively. Finally, a spatial resolution of 1.12 m and a temperature measurement accuracy of 2.85 °C are achieved using a two-mode fiber with a length of 1 km. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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11 pages, 5250 KiB  
Article
Multi-Mode Long-Wavelength GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors for Circular Polarization Detection
by Jianlin Feng, Hengrui Jiang, Jun Zhao and Dayuan Xiong
Photonics 2024, 11(4), 285; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11040285 - 22 Mar 2024
Viewed by 563
Abstract
We present an integrated device combining a double L-shaped chiral metasurface with long-wavelength GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs), achieving a circular polarized extinction ratio (CPER) as high as 45 in the long-wavelength infrared range of 7–9 μm. The unit of the chiral [...] Read more.
We present an integrated device combining a double L-shaped chiral metasurface with long-wavelength GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs), achieving a circular polarized extinction ratio (CPER) as high as 45 in the long-wavelength infrared range of 7–9 μm. The unit of the chiral metasurface array consists of two structurally identical L-shaped gold structures with central symmetry. The CPER of the double L-shaped QWIPs is 14 times higher than that of a single L-shaped QWIP. The device operates in three modes within the detection band: the microcavity mode, the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode, and the hybrid mode. The double L-shaped chiral structure selects and reflects a small portion of left-handed circularly polarized light (LCP), while the majority enters the device and excites SPP modes with the bottom gold grating layer, leading to an absorption enhancement. In contrast, right-handed circularly polarized light (RCP) is mostly reflected with limited excitation of SPP waves. QWIPs exhibit a peak absorption of 0.8 and a coupling efficiency of 2700% in the active region of the quantum well due to the combined effects of the microcavity and SPP modes, in which the SPP mode plays a dominant role. The proposed device maintains high circular polarization discrimination capability under large incident angles and can be applied in spectral imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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14 pages, 2478 KiB  
Article
Classifying Raman Spectra of Colon Cells Based on Machine Learning Algorithms
by Maria Lasalvia, Crescenzio Gallo, Vito Capozzi and Giuseppe Perna
Photonics 2024, 11(3), 275; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11030275 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 699
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is very widespread in developed countries. Its diagnosis partly depends on pathologists’ experience and their laboratories’ instrumentation, producing uncertainty in diagnosis. The use of spectroscopic techniques sensitive to the cellular biochemical environment could aid in achieving a reliable diagnosis. So, we [...] Read more.
Colorectal cancer is very widespread in developed countries. Its diagnosis partly depends on pathologists’ experience and their laboratories’ instrumentation, producing uncertainty in diagnosis. The use of spectroscopic techniques sensitive to the cellular biochemical environment could aid in achieving a reliable diagnosis. So, we used Raman micro-spectroscopy, combined with a spectral analysis by means of machine learning methods, to build classification models, which allow colon cancer to be diagnosed in cell samples, in order to support such methods as complementary tools for achieving a reliable identification of colon cancer. The Raman spectra were analyzed in the 980–1800 cm−1 range by focusing the laser beam onto the nuclei and the cytoplasm regions of single FHC and CaCo-2 cells (modelling healthy and cancerous samples, respectively) grown onto glass coverslips. The comparison of the Raman intensity of several spectral peaks and the Principal Component Analysis highlighted small biochemical differences between healthy and cancerous cells mainly due to the larger relative lipid content in the former cells with respect to the latter ones and to the larger relative amount of nucleic acid components in cancerous cells compared with healthy ones. We considered four classification algorithms (logistic regression, support vector machine, k nearest neighbors, and a neural network) to associate unknown Raman spectra with the cell type to which they belong. The built machine learning methods achieved median values of classification accuracy ranging from 95.5% to 97.1%, sensitivity values ranging from 95.5% to 100%, and specificity values ranging from 93.9% to 97.1%. The same median values of the classification parameters, which were estimated for a testing set including unknown spectra, ranged between 93.1% and 100% for accuracy and between 92.9% and 100% for sensitivity and specificity. A comparison of the four methods pointed out that k nearest neighbors and neural networks better perform the classification of nucleus and cytoplasm spectra, respectively. These findings are a further step towards the perspective of clinical translation of the Raman technique assisted by multivariate analysis as a support method to the standard cytological and immunohistochemical methods for diagnostic purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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13 pages, 939 KiB  
Article
Fluorescence-Based Aqueous Phosphate Sensing Using Eu(cpboda)(DMF)2
by Benjamin R. Anderson, Natalie Gese, Pranav Nawani and Hergen Eilers
Photonics 2024, 11(3), 250; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11030250 - 11 Mar 2024
Viewed by 683
Abstract
Fluorescence-based phosphate sensing using phosphate-sensitive phosphors is a promising approach for in situ monitoring of phosphate pollution in waterways and reservoirs. To date, the most sensitive phosphor developed for this purpose is Tb(cpboda)(DMF)2, where cpboda = (3,3′-((5-Carboxy-1,3-phenylene)bis(oxy))dibenzoic acid). In [...] Read more.
Fluorescence-based phosphate sensing using phosphate-sensitive phosphors is a promising approach for in situ monitoring of phosphate pollution in waterways and reservoirs. To date, the most sensitive phosphor developed for this purpose is Tb(cpboda)(DMF)2, where cpboda = (3,3′-((5-Carboxy-1,3-phenylene)bis(oxy))dibenzoic acid). In this study, we further improve this sensitivity by replacing the Tb3+ ions with Eu3+ ions to make Eu(cpboda)(DMF)2 and find concentration-independent phosphate-sensitivity of 1570 ± 120, which is ≈8× more sensitive than the Tb-version. This improvement is attributed to Eu3+ having a hypersensitive transition, while Tb3+ does not. Additionally, we characterize the phosphor’s optical properties, photodegradation, and water solubility. We find that the phosphor presents challenges with regards to both photodegradation and solubility, as it is found to be poorly soluble in water and is quickly photodegraded under UV radiation <360 nm. However, these obstacles can, in theory, be overcome with the use of direct excitation of the Eu3+ ions at 394 nm and careful design of an analysis instrument to reduce concentration variations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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9 pages, 4569 KiB  
Communication
Response Time of III-V Multistage Detectors Based on the “Ga-Free” InAs/InAsSb Type-II Superlattice
by Karol Dąbrowski, Waldemar Gawron and Piotr Martyniuk
Photonics 2024, 11(3), 224; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11030224 - 29 Feb 2024
Viewed by 665
Abstract
This paper presents a response time/time constant of III-V material-based interband long wavelength multistage infrared detector optimized for a wavelength of 10.6 µm at 200 K. The device is based on the InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice with highly doped p+/n+ tunneling [...] Read more.
This paper presents a response time/time constant of III-V material-based interband long wavelength multistage infrared detector optimized for a wavelength of 10.6 µm at 200 K. The device is based on the InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice with highly doped p+/n+ tunneling junctions among the stages. The detector exhibits a response time of 9.87 ns under zero voltage condition, while for 0.15 V reverse bias, that time decreases to approximately 350 ps. The presented device shows a significant increase in response time, especially for low bias, and for a voltage of −0.2 V, the decrease in the detector’s response time by an order of magnitude was estimated. Higher voltage slightly affects the time constant, and between −0.3 V and −1 V, it varies between 300 and 400 ps. The significant change in the detector’s response time between −0.1 V and −0.2 V probably results from electric field drop over entire absorber region. The optimal operating condition can be reached for −0.15 V, where the time constant reaches approximately 350 ns with peak detectivity at a level of ~3 × 109 Jones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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14 pages, 5703 KiB  
Article
The Design of a Photonic Crystal Fiber for Hydrogen Cyanide Gas Detection
by Abdolreza Pourfathi Fard, Somayeh Makouei, Morad Danishvar and Sebelan Danishvar
Photonics 2024, 11(2), 178; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11020178 - 16 Feb 2024
Viewed by 762
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide gas is a dangerous and fatal gas that is one of the causes of air pollution in the environment. A small percentage of this gas causes poisoning and eventually death. In this paper, a new PCF is designed that offers high [...] Read more.
Hydrogen cyanide gas is a dangerous and fatal gas that is one of the causes of air pollution in the environment. A small percentage of this gas causes poisoning and eventually death. In this paper, a new PCF is designed that offers high sensitivity and low confinement loss in the absorption wavelength of hydrogen cyanide gas. The proposed structure consists of circular layers that are located around the core, which is also composed of circular microstructures. The finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the results. According to the results, the PCF gives a high relative sensitivity of 65.13% and a low confinement loss of 1.5 × 10−3 dB/m at a wavelength of 1.533 µm. The impact of increasing the concentration of hydrogen cyanide gas on the relative sensitivity and confinement loss is investigated. The high sensitivity and low confinement losses of the designed PCF show that this optical structure could be a good candidate for the detection of this gas in industrial and medical environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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14 pages, 12997 KiB  
Article
Harnessing Multistability: A Novel Approach to Optical Logic Gate Construction Using Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers
by Safara Bibi, Guillermo Huerta-Cuellar, José Luís Echenausía-Monroy, Rider Jaimes-Reátegui, Juan Hugo García-López and Alexander N. Pisarchik
Photonics 2024, 11(2), 176; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11020176 - 15 Feb 2024
Viewed by 679
Abstract
We present an innovative method harnessing multistability within a diode-pumped erbium-doped fiber laser to construct logic gates. Our approach involves manipulating the intensity of external noise to regulate the probability of transitioning among four concurrent attractors. In this manner, we facilitate the realization [...] Read more.
We present an innovative method harnessing multistability within a diode-pumped erbium-doped fiber laser to construct logic gates. Our approach involves manipulating the intensity of external noise to regulate the probability of transitioning among four concurrent attractors. In this manner, we facilitate the realization of OR, AND, NOR, and NAND logic operations, aligning with the coexisting period-1, period-3, period-4, and period-5 orbits. Employing detrended fluctuation analysis, we establish equilibrium in the probability distributions of these states. The obtained results denote a substantial advancement in the field of optical logic gate development, representing a pivotal stride toward the seamless integration of an all-optical logic gate within laser oscillator-based systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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13 pages, 3218 KiB  
Article
Enhanced THz Circular-Polarization Detection in Miniaturized Chips with Chiral Antennas
by Fangzhe Li, Jing Zhou, Jie Deng, Jinyong Shen, Tianyun Zhu, Wenji Jing, Xu Dai, Jiexian Ye, Yujie Zhang, Junwei Huang and Xiaoshuang Chen
Photonics 2024, 11(2), 162; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11020162 - 07 Feb 2024
Viewed by 892
Abstract
Recent advancements in terahertz (THz) wave technology have highlighted the criticality of circular-polarization detection, fostering the development of more compact, efficient on-chip THz circular-polarization detectors. In response to this technological imperative, we presented a chiral-antenna-integrated GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well (QW) THz detector. The chiral [...] Read more.
Recent advancements in terahertz (THz) wave technology have highlighted the criticality of circular-polarization detection, fostering the development of more compact, efficient on-chip THz circular-polarization detectors. In response to this technological imperative, we presented a chiral-antenna-integrated GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well (QW) THz detector. The chiral antenna selectively couples the incident light of a specific circular-polarization state into a surface-plasmon polariton wave that enhances the absorptance of the QWs by a factor of 12 relative to a standard 45° faceted device, and reflects a significant amount of the incident light of the orthogonal circular-polarization state. The circular-polarization selectivity is further enhanced by the QWs with a strong intrinsic anisotropy, resulting in a circular-polarization extinction ratio (CPER) as high as 26 at 6.52 THz. In addition, the operation band of the device can be adjusted by tuning the structural parameters of the chiral structure. Moreover, the device preserves a high performance for oblique incidence within a range of ±5°, and the device architecture is compatible with a focal plane array. This report communicates a promising approach for the development of miniaturized on-chip THz circular-polarization detectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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12 pages, 3149 KiB  
Article
Small Footprint and High Extinction Ratio Cladding-Modulated Bragg Grating Structure as a Wideband Bandstop Filter
by Muhammad A. Butt and Ryszard Piramidowicz
Photonics 2024, 11(2), 158; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11020158 - 06 Feb 2024
Viewed by 707
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of silicon Bragg grating (BG) waveguide structures with cladding modulation. The device design features a uniform silicon ridge waveguide with corrugated cladding on both sides. Two distinct architectures are explored: one where silicon serves as the [...] Read more.
This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of silicon Bragg grating (BG) waveguide structures with cladding modulation. The device design features a uniform silicon ridge waveguide with corrugated cladding on both sides. Two distinct architectures are explored: one where silicon serves as the cladding and another where gold (Au) is employed. Our detailed analysis uncovers compelling results for both configurations. The silicon corrugated cladding BG waveguide demonstrates a bandstop bandwidth of ~50 nm, accompanied by an extinction ratio (ER) of 7.98 dB. The device footprint is compact, measuring approximately 16.4 × 3 µm2. In contrast, the Au corrugated cladding BG waveguide exhibits exceptional performance, boasting a wideband bandstop bandwidth of ~143 nm and an impressive ER of 19.96 dB. Despite this enhanced functionality, the device maintains a reasonably small footprint at around 16.9 × 3 µm2. This investigation underscores the potential of Au corrugated cladding BG waveguides as ideal candidates for achieving high-spectral-characteristic bandstop filters. The significant improvement in bandstop bandwidth and ER makes them promising for advanced optical filtering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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15 pages, 4729 KiB  
Article
Comparison between Different Optical Configurations of Active-FRAME Setup in Multispectral Imaging of Flames
by Devashish Chorey, Prasad Boggavarapu, Devendra Deshmukh, Ravikrishna Rayavarapu and Yogeshwar Nath Mishra
Photonics 2024, 11(2), 144; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11020144 - 04 Feb 2024
Viewed by 760
Abstract
Snapshot multispectral imaging of chemical species in the flame is essential for improved understanding of the combustion process. In this article, we investigate the different configurations of a structured laser sheet-based multispectral imaging approach called the Frequency Recognition Algorithm for Multiple Exposures (FRAME). [...] Read more.
Snapshot multispectral imaging of chemical species in the flame is essential for improved understanding of the combustion process. In this article, we investigate the different configurations of a structured laser sheet-based multispectral imaging approach called the Frequency Recognition Algorithm for Multiple Exposures (FRAME). Using FRAME, a snapshot of Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) excited by 283.5 nm laser and Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) of soot particles excited by 532 nm laser are acquired simultaneously on a single FRAME image. A laminar diffusion flame of acetylene produced by a Gülder burner is used for the experiments. The standard FRAME approach is based on creating two spatially modulated laser sheets and arranging them in a cross-patterned configuration (X). However, the effect of using different configurations (angles) of the two laser sheets on the multispectral planar imaging of the flame has not yet been studied. Therefore, we have compared the FRAME approach in four different configurations while keeping the same flame conditions. First, we have compared the relation between laser fluence and LII signals with and without spatial modulation of the 532 nm laser sheet and found that both detections follow the same curve. When comparing the maps of flame species reconstructed from the standard FRAME configuration and other configurations, there are some dissimilarities. These differences are attributed to minor changes in the imaging plane, optical alignment, laser path length, different modulation frequencies of the laser sheet, laser extinction, laser fluence, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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13 pages, 2483 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Micro-Vibration Measurement Based on Orbital Angular Momentum
by Jialong Zhu, Fucheng Zou, Le Wang and Shengmei Zhao
Photonics 2024, 11(1), 27; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics11010027 - 28 Dec 2023
Viewed by 808
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel approach for dynamic micro-vibration measurement, employing an Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) interferometer, where the reference beam is Gaussian (GS) and the measurement beam is OAM. The OAM light reflected back from the target carries information about [...] Read more.
In this study, we introduce a novel approach for dynamic micro-vibration measurement, employing an Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) interferometer, where the reference beam is Gaussian (GS) and the measurement beam is OAM. The OAM light reflected back from the target carries information about the target’s vibrations. The interference of the OAM light with Gaussian light generates petal-shaped patterns, and the target’s vibration information can be measured by detecting the rotation angle of these petals. Our proposed method demonstrates enhanced tolerance to misalignment and superior precision. The effects of vibration frequency, CCD frame rates, and Topological Charges (TCs) on measurement accuracy are analyzed thoroughly. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method offers a higher accuracy (up to 22.34 nm) and an extended measurement range of (0–800 cm). These capabilities render our technique highly suitable for applications demanding nanometer-scale resolution in various fields, including precision engineering and advanced optical systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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12 pages, 5292 KiB  
Article
Extension of Fiber Bragg Grating Ultrasound Sensor Network by Adhesive Couplers
by Jee-Myung Kim, Sherif Aboubakr and Kara Peters
Photonics 2023, 10(12), 1366; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics10121366 - 12 Dec 2023
Viewed by 944
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated coupling of acoustic guided waves from one optical fiber to another through a simple adhesive bond coupler. This paper experimentally utilizes such an adhesive bond coupler to easily extend an already existing sensor network. We experimentally demonstrate this concept for [...] Read more.
Previous studies demonstrated coupling of acoustic guided waves from one optical fiber to another through a simple adhesive bond coupler. This paper experimentally utilizes such an adhesive bond coupler to easily extend an already existing sensor network. We experimentally demonstrate this concept for detecting simulated cracks growing from circular holes in a thin aluminum plate. A single, remotely bonded FBG sensor is used to detect the original crack growth, followed by the addition of other optical fiber segments using adhesive couplers to detect new crack growth locations on the plate. A laser Doppler vibrometer is also used to measure the guided wave propagation through the plate to verify that the changes in the FBG sensor measurements are due to the growth of the cracks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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13 pages, 4872 KiB  
Article
Design and Experimental Validation of an Optical Autofocusing System with Improved Accuracy
by Jui-Hsiang Hung, Ho-Da Tu, Wen-Huai Hsu and Chien-Sheng Liu
Photonics 2023, 10(12), 1329; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics10121329 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 860
Abstract
This study proposes a modified optical design to improve the issue of autofocus accuracy in existing optical systems. The proposed system uses lens offset to convert incident light into non-parallel light, achieving a focus shift and avoiding severe deformation of the light spot [...] Read more.
This study proposes a modified optical design to improve the issue of autofocus accuracy in existing optical systems. The proposed system uses lens offset to convert incident light into non-parallel light, achieving a focus shift and avoiding severe deformation of the light spot near the focal point of the objective lens. Based on triangulation theory and optical focusing theories such as the centroid method, the proposed optical design improves the shortcomings of existing technology. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed optical autofocusing system has better autofocus accuracy than traditional systems while also reducing the difficulty of image processing. In summary, the proposed optical system is not only an effective autofocusing technology but also a highly valuable optical inspection and industrial application technology. This system has broader application and development opportunities for future research and practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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15 pages, 12151 KiB  
Article
Measurement Method for the Flight Parameters of a Small Flying Object Using a Multi-Dimensional LED Detection Array
by Tao Dong, Siqi Li, Ding Chen and Ziyu Yang
Photonics 2023, 10(12), 1313; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics10121313 - 28 Nov 2023
Viewed by 679
Abstract
This article proposes a measurement method using a multi-dimensional LED detection array, which can be used to obtain the flight parameters (i.e., impact coordinates, flight velocity, and incident angle) of a small flying object. Firstly, the composition of the proposed system and its [...] Read more.
This article proposes a measurement method using a multi-dimensional LED detection array, which can be used to obtain the flight parameters (i.e., impact coordinates, flight velocity, and incident angle) of a small flying object. Firstly, the composition of the proposed system and its detection principle are described in detail. Then, a calculation model is derived according to the geometrical relationship between the different LED detection arrays, which can calculate the above flight parameters. Furthermore, numerical simulations are performed to analyze the change trend in the measurement error of the proposed system, and it can be verified that its measurement performance meets the related requirements in theory. Finally, we use the proposed system and a high-speed camera system to carry out comparison experiments with two different reference velocities of 900 m/s and 700 m/s, and the results show that the maximum deviation in the measured absolute velocity is always less than 1 m/s and that the maximum deviations of the measured coordinates of x and y are not more than 2 mm within the effective measurement range. Therefore, the proposed measurement method is feasible and effective, and it can also meet the requirements of the measurement system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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14 pages, 1694 KiB  
Article
Multiplexing Quantum and Classical Channels of a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) System by Using the Attenuation Method
by Ondrej Klicnik, Petr Munster and Tomas Horvath
Photonics 2023, 10(11), 1265; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics10111265 - 16 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1000
Abstract
The primary goal in this paper is to verify the possibility of combining a quantum channel into a single optical fiber with other classical channels by using the so-called attenuation method. Since the quantum channel is very weak in terms of power, combining [...] Read more.
The primary goal in this paper is to verify the possibility of combining a quantum channel into a single optical fiber with other classical channels by using the so-called attenuation method. Since the quantum channel is very weak in terms of power, combining it into a single fiber with much more powerful classical channels is challenging. Thus, sufficiently high-quality filtering is important to avoid possible crosstalk. A second and more difficult problem to address is the interference caused by Raman noise, which increases with the fiber length and is also dependent on the input power of the classical channel. Thus, in this paper the focus is on the possibility of suppressing the Raman noise effect, both in advance by means of wavelength positioning and by means of installed optical components. Such phenomena must be considered in the route design, as the quantum channel must be placed at a suitable wavelength with respect to the classical channels. The influence of other nonlinear phenomena has been neglected. In this paper, a practical experiment aimed at building a fully functional multiplexed quantum key distribution link is also described. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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7 pages, 4541 KiB  
Communication
Multi-Frequency Doppler Velocimetry Based on a Mode-Locked Distributed Bragg Reflector Laser
by Hao Song, Dan Lu, Zhihao Zhang, Fei Guo, Daibing Zhou and Lingjuan Zhao
Photonics 2023, 10(11), 1254; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics10111254 - 13 Nov 2023
Viewed by 805
Abstract
A differential multi-frequency laser Doppler velocimetry is demonstrated, utilizing the synchronized multimode of a mode-locked distributed Bragg reflector laser. This scheme enables the simultaneous detection of multiple Doppler frequency shifts. Multiple differential Doppler shifts of 0.6 Hz, 1.3 Hz, and 1.9 Hz are [...] Read more.
A differential multi-frequency laser Doppler velocimetry is demonstrated, utilizing the synchronized multimode of a mode-locked distributed Bragg reflector laser. This scheme enables the simultaneous detection of multiple Doppler frequency shifts. Multiple differential Doppler shifts of 0.6 Hz, 1.3 Hz, and 1.9 Hz are obtained, with an average speed of 3.677 mm/s and a standard deviation of 0.122 mm/s, demonstrating a cross-referenced velocity measurement capability. The measurement results are also compared with the dual-frequency laser Doppler velocimetry scheme using electro-optical modulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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10 pages, 3989 KiB  
Article
Image Reconstruction and Investigation of Factors Affecting the Hue and Wavelength Relation Using Different Interpolation Algorithms with Raw Data from a CMOS Sensor
by Eun-Min Kim, Kyung-Kwang Joo and Hyeon-Woo Park
Photonics 2023, 10(11), 1216; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics10111216 - 31 Oct 2023
Viewed by 719
Abstract
An image processing method was employed to obtain wavelength information using light irradiated during camera exposure. Physically, hue (H) and wavelength (W) are closely related. Once the H value is known through image pixel analysis, the wavelength can be obtained. In this paper, [...] Read more.
An image processing method was employed to obtain wavelength information using light irradiated during camera exposure. Physically, hue (H) and wavelength (W) are closely related. Once the H value is known through image pixel analysis, the wavelength can be obtained. In this paper, the H-W curve was investigated from 400 to 650 nm using raw image data with a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor technology. We reconstructed the H-W curve from raw image data based on a demosaicing method with 2 × 2 pixel images. To date, no study has reported on reconstructing the H-W curve using several different interpolation algorithms in the 400~650 nm wavelength region. In addition, several factors affecting the H-W curve with a raw digital image, such as exposure time, aperture, and international organization for standardization (ISO) settings, were investigated for the first time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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Review

Jump to: Research

20 pages, 4240 KiB  
Review
Generation of Orbital Angular Momentum Light by Patterning Azopolymer Thin Films
by Temitope M. Olaleye, Maria Raposo and Paulo A. Ribeiro
Photonics 2023, 10(12), 1319; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics10121319 - 29 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1099
Abstract
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) encoding is a promising technique to boost data transmission capacity in optical communications. Most recently, azobenzene films have gained attention as a versatile tool for creating and altering OAM-carrying beams. Unique features of azobenzene films make it possible to [...] Read more.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) encoding is a promising technique to boost data transmission capacity in optical communications. Most recently, azobenzene films have gained attention as a versatile tool for creating and altering OAM-carrying beams. Unique features of azobenzene films make it possible to control molecular alignment through light-induced isomerization about the azo bond. This feature enables the fabrication of diffractive optical devices such as spiral phase plates and holograms by accurately imprinting a phase profile on the incident light. By forming azobenzene sheets into diffractive optical elements, such as spiral phase plates, one can selectively create OAM-carrying beams. Due to the helical wavefront and phase variation shown by these beams, multiple distinct channels can be encoded within a single optical beam. This can significantly increase the data transmission capacity of optical communication systems with this OAM multiplexing technique. Additionally, holographic optical components made from azobenzene films can be used to build and reconstruct intricate wavefronts. It is possible to create OAM-based holograms by imprinting holographic designs on azobenzene films, which makes it simpler to control and shape optical beams for specific communication requirements. In addition, azobenzene-based materials can then be suitable for integration into optical communication devices because of their reconfigurability, compactness, and infrastructure compatibility, which are the main future perspectives for achieving OAM-based technologies for the next generation, among other factors. In this paper, we see the possible use of azobenzene films in the generation and modification of OAM beams for optical communications through light-induced isomerization. In addition, the potential role of azobenzene films in the development of novel OAM-based devices that paves the way for the realization of high-capacity, OAM-enabled optical communication networks are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Sensing and Measurement II)
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