Plants

Research

Jump to: Review

14 pages, 2038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dissecting Hierarchies between Light, Sugar and Auxin Action Underpinning Root and Root Hair Growth

by Judith García-González, Jozef Lacek and Katarzyna Retzer

Plants 2021, 10(1), 111; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants10010111 - 07 Jan 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3584

Abstract

Plant roots are very plastic and can adjust their tissue organization and cell appearance during abiotic stress responses. Previous studies showed that direct root illumination and sugar supplementation mask root growth phenotypes and traits. Sugar and light signaling where further connected to changes [...] Read more.

Plant roots are very plastic and can adjust their tissue organization and cell appearance during abiotic stress responses. Previous studies showed that direct root illumination and sugar supplementation mask root growth phenotypes and traits. Sugar and light signaling where further connected to changes in auxin biosynthesis and distribution along the root. Auxin signaling underpins almost all processes involved in the establishment of root traits, including total root length, gravitropic growth, root hair initiation and elongation. Root hair plasticity allows maximized nutrient uptake and therefore plant productivity, and root hair priming and elongation require proper auxin availability. In the presence of sucrose in the growth medium, root hair emergence is partially rescued, but the full potential of root hair elongation is lost. With our work we describe a combinatory study showing to which extent light and sucrose are antagonistically influencing root length, but additively affecting root hair emergence and elongation. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of the loss of PIN-FORMED2, an auxin efflux carrier mediating shootward auxin transporter, on the establishment of root traits in combination with all growth conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Auxin Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 7528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expression Analysis of Key Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport, and Metabolism Genes of Betula pendula with Special Emphasis on Figured Wood Formation in Karelian Birch

by Tatiana V. Tarelkina, Ludmila L. Novitskaya, Natalia A. Galibina, Yulia L. Moshchenskaya, Kseniya M. Nikerova, Nadezhda N. Nikolaeva, Irina N. Sofronova, Diana S. Ivanova and Ludmila I. Semenova

Plants 2020, 9(11), 1406; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants9111406 - 22 Oct 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2317

Abstract

Auxin status in woody plants is believed to be a critical factor for the quantity and quality of the wood formed. It has been previously demonstrated that figured wood formation in Karelian birch (Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Merckl.) Hämet-Ahti) is associated [...] Read more.

Auxin status in woody plants is believed to be a critical factor for the quantity and quality of the wood formed. It has been previously demonstrated that figured wood formation in Karelian birch (Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Merckl.) Hämet-Ahti) is associated with a reduced auxin level and elevated sugar content in the differentiating xylem, but the molecular mechanisms of the abnormal xylogenesis remained largely unclear. We have identified genes involved in auxin biosynthesis (Yucca), polar auxin transport (PIN) and the conjugation of auxin with amino acids (GH3) and UDP-glucose (UGT84B1) in the B. pendula genome, and analysed their expression in trunk tissues of trees differing in wood structure. Almost all the investigated genes were overexpressed in Karelian birch trunks. Although Yucca genes were overexpressed, trunk tissues in areas developing figured grain had traits of an auxin-deficient phenotype. Overexpression of GH3s and UGT84B1 appears to have a greater effect on figured wood formation. Analysis of promoters of the differentially expressed genes revealed a large number of binding sites with various transcription factors associated with auxin and sugar signalling. These data agree with the hypothesis that anomalous figured wood formation in Karelian birch may be associated with the sugar induction of auxin conjugation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Auxin Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 6702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of the PIN Auxin Efflux Carrier Gene Family in Coffee

by Xing Huang, Xuehui Bai, Tieying Guo, Zhouli Xie, Margit Laimer, Dengxiang Du, Thomas Gbokie, Jr., Zhirun Zhang, Chunping He, Ying Lu, Weihuai Wu and Kexian Yi

Plants 2020, 9(9), 1061; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants9091061 - 19 Aug 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3184

Abstract

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages around the world, which is mainly produced from the allopolyploid Coffea arabica. The genomes of C. arabica and its two ancestors C. canephora and C. eugenioides have been released due to the development of [...] Read more.

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages around the world, which is mainly produced from the allopolyploid Coffea arabica. The genomes of C. arabica and its two ancestors C. canephora and C. eugenioides have been released due to the development of next generation sequencing. However, few studies on C. arabica are related to the PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporter despite its importance in auxin-mediated plant growth and development. In the present study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the PIN gene family in the three coffee species. Totals of 17, 9 and 10 of the PIN members were characterized in C. Arabica, C. canephora and C. eugenioides, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed gene loss of PIN1 and PIN2 homologs in C. arabica, as well as gene duplication of PIN5 homologs during the fractionation process after tetraploidy. Furthermore, we conducted expression analysis of PIN genes in C. arabica by in silico and qRT-PCR. The results revealed the existence of gene expression dominance in allopolyploid coffee and illustrated several PIN candidates in regulating auxin transport and homeostasis under leaf rust fungus inoculation and the tissue-specific expression pattern of C. arabica. Together, this study provides the basis and guideline for future functional characterization of the PIN gene family. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Auxin Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 4806 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

In Vivo Reporters for Visualizing Alternative Splicing of Hormonal Genes

by Ivan Kashkan, Ksenia Timofeyenko, Eva Kollárová and Kamil Růžička

Plants 2020, 9(7), 868; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants9070868 - 08 Jul 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3328

Abstract

Rapid progress in plant molecular biology in recent years has uncovered the main players in hormonal pathways and characterized transcriptomic networks associated with hormonal response. However, the role of RNA processing, in particular alternative splicing (AS), remains largely unexplored. Here, using example genes [...] Read more.

Rapid progress in plant molecular biology in recent years has uncovered the main players in hormonal pathways and characterized transcriptomic networks associated with hormonal response. However, the role of RNA processing, in particular alternative splicing (AS), remains largely unexplored. Here, using example genes involved in cytokinin signaling, brassinosteroid synthesis and auxin transport, we present a set of reporters devised to visualize their AS events in vivo. These reporters show a differential tissue-specific expression of certain transcripts and reveal that expression of some of the them can be changed by the application of the exogenous hormone. Finally, based on the characterized AS event of the PIN7 auxin efflux carrier, we designed a system that allows a rapid genetic screening for the factors upstream of this AS event. Our innovative toolset can be therefore highly useful for exploring novel regulatory nodes of hormonal pathways and potentially helpful for plant researchers focusing on developmental aspects of AS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Auxin Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ammonia and Indole-3-acetic Acid Producing Endophytic Klebsiella pneumoniae YNA12 as a Bio-Herbicide for Weed Inhibition: Special Reference with Evening Primroses

by Sang-Mo Kang, Saqib Bilal, Raheem Shahzad, Yu-Na Kim, Chang-Wook Park, Ko-Eun Lee, Jeong-Ran Lee and In-Jung Lee

Plants 2020, 9(6), 761; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants9060761 - 18 Jun 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3182

Abstract

Information on the use of endophytic bacteria as a bio-herbicide for the management of weed control in agricultural fields is limited. The current study aimed to isolate endophytic bacteria from evening primroses and to screen them for their bio-herbicidal activity. Two isolated endophytic [...] Read more.

Information on the use of endophytic bacteria as a bio-herbicide for the management of weed control in agricultural fields is limited. The current study aimed to isolate endophytic bacteria from evening primroses and to screen them for their bio-herbicidal activity. Two isolated endophytic bacteria (Pantoea dispersa YNA11 and Klebsiella pneumoniae YNA12) were initially screened for citrate utilization and for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and catalase production. The preliminary biochemical assessment showed YNA12 as a positive strain. Ammonia, catalase, and IAA in its culture filtrate were quantified. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy- Selective Ion Monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) analysis revealed the production of IAA by YNA12 in a time-dependent manner. YNA12 also exhibited significant ammonia-producing potential and catalase activity against hydrogen peroxide. The YNA12 culture filtrate significantly inhibited the germination rate of evening primrose seeds, resulting in a marked reduction in seedling length and biomass compared with those of the control seeds. Moreover, the culture filtrate of YNA12 significantly accelerated the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) production and catalase activity of evening primrose seedlings. Macronutrient regulation was adversely affected in the seedlings exposed to the culture filtrate of YNA12, leading to inhibition of seed germination. The current results suggest that endophytic YNA12 may be used as a potent bio-herbicidal agent for controlling weed growth and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Auxin Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the Auxin Efflux Transporter PIN Proteins in Pear

by Liying Qi, Ling Chen, Chuansen Wang, Shaoling Zhang, Yingjie Yang, Jianlong Liu, Dingli Li, Jiankun Song and Ran Wang

Plants 2020, 9(3), 349; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants9030349 - 10 Mar 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2793

Abstract

PIN-FORMED (PIN) encodes a key auxin polar transport family that plays a crucial role in the outward transport of auxin and several growth and development processes, including dwarfing trees. We identified a dwarfing pear rootstock ‘OHF51’ (Pyrus communis), which limits the [...] Read more.

PIN-FORMED (PIN) encodes a key auxin polar transport family that plays a crucial role in the outward transport of auxin and several growth and development processes, including dwarfing trees. We identified a dwarfing pear rootstock ‘OHF51’ (Pyrus communis), which limits the growth vigor of the ‘Xueqing’ (Pyrus bretschneideri × Pyrus pyrifolia) scion, and isolated 14 putative PbPINs from the pear Pyrus bretschneideri. The phylogenic relationships, structure, promoter regions, and expression patterns were analyzed. PbPINs were classified into two main groups based on the protein domain structure and categorized into three major groups using the neighbor-joining algorithm. Promoter analysis demonstrated that PbPINs might be closely related to plant growth and development. Through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, we found that the expression patterns of 14 PbPINs varied upon exposure to different organs in dwarfing and vigorous stocks, ‘OHF51’ and ‘QN101’ (Pyrus betulifolia), indicating that they might play varying roles in different tissues and participated in the regulation of growth vigor. These results provide fundamental insights into the characteristics and evolution of the PINs family, as well as the possible relationship between dwarfing ability and auxin polar transport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Auxin Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

15 pages, 1036 KiB

Open AccessReview

The TOR–Auxin Connection Upstream of Root Hair Growth

by Katarzyna Retzer and Wolfram Weckwerth

Plants 2021, 10(1), 150; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants10010150 - 13 Jan 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5399

Abstract

Plant growth and productivity are orchestrated by a network of signaling cascades involved in balancing responses to perceived environmental changes with resource availability. Vascular plants are divided into the shoot, an aboveground organ where sugar is synthesized, and the underground located root. Continuous [...] Read more.

Plant growth and productivity are orchestrated by a network of signaling cascades involved in balancing responses to perceived environmental changes with resource availability. Vascular plants are divided into the shoot, an aboveground organ where sugar is synthesized, and the underground located root. Continuous growth requires the generation of energy in the form of carbohydrates in the leaves upon photosynthesis and uptake of nutrients and water through root hairs. Root hair outgrowth depends on the overall condition of the plant and its energy level must be high enough to maintain root growth. TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR)-mediated signaling cascades serve as a hub to evaluate which resources are needed to respond to external stimuli and which are available to maintain proper plant adaptation. Root hair growth further requires appropriate distribution of the phytohormone auxin, which primes root hair cell fate and triggers root hair elongation. Auxin is transported in an active, directed manner by a plasma membrane located carrier. The auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED 2 is necessary to transport auxin to root hair cells, followed by subcellular rearrangements involved in root hair outgrowth. This review presents an overview of events upstream and downstream of PIN2 action, which are involved in root hair growth control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Auxin Research)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessReview

ER-Localized PIN Carriers: Regulators of Intracellular Auxin Homeostasis

by Nayyer Abdollahi Sisi and Kamil Růžička

Plants 2020, 9(11), 1527; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants9111527 - 10 Nov 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3365

Abstract

The proper distribution of the hormone auxin is essential for plant development. It is channeled by auxin efflux carriers of the PIN family, typically asymmetrically located on the plasma membrane (PM). Several studies demonstrated that some PIN transporters are also located at the [...] Read more.

The proper distribution of the hormone auxin is essential for plant development. It is channeled by auxin efflux carriers of the PIN family, typically asymmetrically located on the plasma membrane (PM). Several studies demonstrated that some PIN transporters are also located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). From the PM-PINs, they differ in a shorter internal hydrophilic loop, which carries the most important structural features required for their subcellular localization, but their biological role is otherwise relatively poorly known. We discuss how ER-PINs take part in maintaining intracellular auxin homeostasis, possibly by modulating the internal levels of IAA; it seems that the exact identity of the metabolites downstream of ER-PINs is not entirely clear as well. We further review the current knowledge about their predicted structure, evolution and localization. Finally, we also summarize their role in plant development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Auxin Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3375 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Photoreceptors Regulate Plant Developmental Plasticity through Auxin

by Jesse J. Küpers, Lisa Oskam and Ronald Pierik

Plants 2020, 9(8), 940; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants9080940 - 24 Jul 2020

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 9464

Abstract

Light absorption by plants changes the composition of light inside vegetation. Blue (B) and red (R) light are used for photosynthesis whereas far-red (FR) and green light are reflected. A combination of UV-B, blue and R:FR-responsive photoreceptors collectively measures the light and temperature [...] Read more.

Light absorption by plants changes the composition of light inside vegetation. Blue (B) and red (R) light are used for photosynthesis whereas far-red (FR) and green light are reflected. A combination of UV-B, blue and R:FR-responsive photoreceptors collectively measures the light and temperature environment and adjusts plant development accordingly. This developmental plasticity to photoreceptor signals is largely regulated through the phytohormone auxin. The phytochrome, cryptochrome and UV Resistance Locus 8 (UVR8) photoreceptors are inactivated in shade and/or elevated temperature, which releases their repression of Phytochrome Interacting Factor (PIF) transcription factors. Active PIFs stimulate auxin synthesis and reinforce auxin signalling responses through direct interaction with Auxin Response Factors (ARFs). It was recently discovered that shade-induced hypocotyl elongation and petiole hyponasty depend on long-distance auxin transport towards target cells from the cotyledon and leaf tip, respectively. Other responses, such as phototropic bending, are regulated by auxin transport and signalling across only a few cell layers. In addition, photoreceptors can directly interact with components in the auxin signalling pathway, such as Auxin/Indole Acetic Acids (AUX/IAAs) and ARFs. Here we will discuss the complex interactions between photoreceptor and auxin signalling, addressing both mechanisms and consequences of these highly interconnected pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Auxin Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Advances in Auxin Research

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (9 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI