Leaving a Violent Relationship

A special issue of Social Sciences (ISSN 2076-0760).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2020) | Viewed by 46547

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Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Human and Health Sciences, The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
Interests: violence against women and children; gender-based violence; child abuse and neglect; marginalized childhoods; children’s rights

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

Intimate partner violence (IPV), defined as physical, sexual, emotional and economic abuse and controlling behaviours inflicted within intimate partner relationships is a global crisis that extends beyond national and sociocultural boundaries, affecting people of all ages, religions, ethnicities and economic backgrounds. Although women can be violent towards male partners and IPV occurs in same-sex partnerships, it is most commonly perpetrated by males towards females, and the overwhelming global burden of IPV is thus borne by women. People often ask of women in abusive relationships “why does she stay?” Critics suggest that this question carries implicit notions of victim blame and fails to hold to account the perpetrators of abuse. Targeted at the individual, it can mask societal and institutional failings that create barriers to leaving (Barnett, 2000). A better question might be “why doesn’t he stop?” since this would direct attention to the limitations of criminal justice systems and the multiple ways through which violence against women is perpetuated (Jones and Jemmott, 2014). Our purpose here, however, is survivor agency, and evidence suggests that most abused women are not passive victims but develop strategies for surviving abuse; indeed, in some contexts, not leaving may be a calculated survival decision (Heise et al. 1999). Impediments to escaping abuse have long been recognised as multifaceted (Anderson et al. 2003), but the discursive terrain has changed; across the globe, public disinterest about IPV seems to be giving way to public disquiet, largely as a consequence of renewed local and international activism (evidenced, for example, by the #MeToo movement). Has this made accessing justice easier, has this made leaving less difficult and has this opened up other routes to safety so that leaving is no longer the best or only option? We think it is timely to revisit the discussion. In this Special Issue of Social Sciences, we will explore topics related to the challenges of leaving a violent relationship.

We seek submissions based on rigorous, high-quality quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods research, intersectional and comparative analyses that generate new insights into the topic. Manuscripts based on research with under-represented, minoritized or marginalized groups, or specific social contexts are particularly encouraged.

References

Anderson, M.A., Gillig, P.M., Sitaker, M. et al. (2003). Why Doesn't She Just Leave?”: A Descriptive Study of Victim Reported Impediments to Her Safety. Journal of Family Violence (2003) 18: 151. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1023/A:1023564404773

Barnett, O. W. (2000). Why Battered Women Do Not Leave, Part 1: External Inhibiting Factors Within Society. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse1(4), 343–372. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1177/1524838000001004003

Heise L, Ellsberg M, Gottemoeller M. (1999). Ending violence against women. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Center for Communications Programs.

Jones, A. D., and Jemmott, E. T. (2014). ‘Status, privilege and gender inequality: Cultures of male impunity and entitlement in the sexual abuse of children: Perspectives from a Caribbean study’, International Social Work

Prof. Dr. Adele Jones
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Gender-based violence
  • Violence against women
  • Intimate partner violence
  • Domestic abuse
  • Gender
  • Women
  • Survivor
  • Victim
  • Perpetrator

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 266 KiB  
Article
Codependency in the Relations of Couples of Imprisoned Women
by Luz Adriana Aristizábal
Soc. Sci. 2020, 9(11), 189; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/socsci9110189 - 27 Oct 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4366
Abstract
Female criminal behavior has sparked the interest of many researchers who, from different perspectives, have tried to identify what are the factors that lead them to commit a crime. Studies indicate that female affective bonds change into a potentiator of crime behavior and/or [...] Read more.
Female criminal behavior has sparked the interest of many researchers who, from different perspectives, have tried to identify what are the factors that lead them to commit a crime. Studies indicate that female affective bonds change into a potentiator of crime behavior and/or withdrawal of it. The objective of this study was to find out if the couple’s bonds (previous or during the prison) were codependent, and to analyze the possible relation between the latter and female crime. This qualitative study used mixed tools in a sample of 27 women in the Bucaramanga prison (Colombia). The I-CO instrument was applied analyzing the four codependency factors: (1) denial mechanisms; (2) incomplete identity development; (3) emotional repression and (4) rescue orientation. The qualitative data obtained through the in-depth interview and focus groups were also analyzed, showing mainly three emerging categories: (1) I did it for him; (2) Although he doesn’t love me; and (3) I preferred to remain silent. The results suggested the difficulty of leaving violent relationships and the possible interaction between codependency, violent partner relationships and female crime. This research raises the need to strengthen the empowerment of women inside and outside the prison. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leaving a Violent Relationship)
15 pages, 254 KiB  
Article
Assessing Organizational Cultural Responsiveness among Refugee-Servicing Domestic Violence Agencies
by Jessica L. Lucero, Kristina M. Scharp and Tanni Hernandez
Soc. Sci. 2020, 9(10), 176; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/socsci9100176 - 02 Oct 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3229
Abstract
Refugee community members who have experienced domestic violence in the U.S. face complex challenges in seeking help which may ultimately impact their ability to leave violent relationships. When domestic violence organizations are not prepared to serve them in culturally responsive ways, these challenges [...] Read more.
Refugee community members who have experienced domestic violence in the U.S. face complex challenges in seeking help which may ultimately impact their ability to leave violent relationships. When domestic violence organizations are not prepared to serve them in culturally responsive ways, these challenges are exacerbated. This study surveyed 70 executive directors of domestic violence agencies in U.S. resettlement cities about the extent to which their organization’s practices reflected cultural responsiveness in serving refugee populations. The results showed promising indicators of organizational cultural responsiveness but uncovered numerous areas for growth. In particular, the study results underscore the need for organizations to improve their language supports and take active steps to outreach to, hire, and engage refugee communities in order to better serve them. This paper makes recommendations for how DV agencies can be more culturally responsive as they support refugee individuals who are seeking safety from violent relationships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leaving a Violent Relationship)
13 pages, 483 KiB  
Article
Mothers as Victims of Intimate Partner Violence: The Decision to Leave or Stay and Resilience-Oriented Intervention
by Ana Isabel Sani and Dora Pereira
Soc. Sci. 2020, 9(10), 174; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/socsci9100174 - 01 Oct 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8572
Abstract
This paper presents a qualitative study to understand the reasons for leaving or staying in an abusive relationship and how this informs planning for psychosocial interventions with victims. We present a study of 15 Portuguese women with children who were victims of intimate [...] Read more.
This paper presents a qualitative study to understand the reasons for leaving or staying in an abusive relationship and how this informs planning for psychosocial interventions with victims. We present a study of 15 Portuguese women with children who were victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). The sample consisted of women, helped by a Victim Support Office, who volunteered to participate in a semi-structured interview and whose narrative responses were recorded and transcribed for analysis. The results, organized into two broad categories, reveal that the reasons for staying in the abusive relationship are essentially related to extrinsic factors (e.g., children, the aggressor, society), which reinforces myths (e.g., marriage is for life) and makes it difficult to break the cycle of violence. However, the decision to leave the abusive relationship is also based on the same factors which, when reconceptualized and empowered, contribute to the intrinsic recognition of the problem and the decision-making process. We find that the resilience portfolio model, which focuses on three major factors (self-regulation, interpersonal forces, and construction of meaning), favors the identification of protective factors that can guide interventions for individuals facing situations of adversity such as IPV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leaving a Violent Relationship)
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18 pages, 266 KiB  
Article
Leaving a Violent Child Marriage: Experiences of Adult Survivors in Uganda
by Esther Nanfuka, Florence Turyomurugyendo, Eric Ochen and Graham Gibbs
Soc. Sci. 2020, 9(10), 172; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/socsci9100172 - 29 Sep 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3510
Abstract
Violence against women and girls remains a major public health threat the world over. A significant amount of violence experienced by women is perpetrated by their intimate partners. Moreover, the risk of experiencing intimate partner violence is amplified for women and girls who [...] Read more.
Violence against women and girls remains a major public health threat the world over. A significant amount of violence experienced by women is perpetrated by their intimate partners. Moreover, the risk of experiencing intimate partner violence is amplified for women and girls who get married before turning 18. However, there is little documented information on how they escape such violent relationships. This article provides insight into the factors that help survivors of child marriage to leave violent relationships. It is based on in-depth interviews with 26 Ugandan women who married before they were 18. Four main factors helped child marriage survivors to leave violent unions: (1) having a secure base to return to; (2) reaching a tipping point in the relationship; (3) financial independence; and (4) intervention of a significant other. The significance of some factors varied with the age of the survivor at the point of leaving. It is concluded that parental support is a key facilitative factor for leaving violent relationships in the context of child marriage within a low resource setting. Interventions to promote positive parenting may significantly contribute to minimising the proportions of girls trapped in violent unions and incidences of child marriage in the long run. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leaving a Violent Relationship)
16 pages, 695 KiB  
Article
“Should I Stay, or Should I Go?”: The Experiences of, and Choices Available to Women of South Asian Heritage Living in the UK When Leaving a Relationship of Choice Following Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
by Kalwinder K. Sandhu and Hazel R. Barrett
Soc. Sci. 2020, 9(9), 151; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/socsci9090151 - 03 Sep 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5197
Abstract
Researching South Asian women who have departed social norms and married outside the social conventions of their culture widens our understanding and knowledge on the topic of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). This paper will investigate how the women participating in the research navigated [...] Read more.
Researching South Asian women who have departed social norms and married outside the social conventions of their culture widens our understanding and knowledge on the topic of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). This paper will investigate how the women participating in the research navigated the socialisation of arranged marriage and expectations on them as women, and how this influenced their decisions to remain in violent and abusive relationships. Often without family support or the “safety net” of an arranged marriage, the women stayed in abusive relationships longer than they would have done if the marriage had been arranged. The findings show that the women’s experiences of leaving the relationship are mediated by the context of forming an intimate relationship. A qualitative research approach using Black Feminist Standpoint Epistemology employed thematic analysis to give voice to South Asian women’s experiences and insights into their experiences of, and responses to, leaving abusive relationships. The analysis shows that women’s agentic act of choosing a partner became the very barrier to leaving the relationship if it turned violent and abusive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leaving a Violent Relationship)
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14 pages, 255 KiB  
Article
When Sexting Crosses the Line: Educator Responsibilities in the Support of Prosocial Adolescent Behavior and the Prevention of Violence
by Melinda Lemke and Katelyn Rogers
Soc. Sci. 2020, 9(9), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9090150 - 26 Aug 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4686
Abstract
This article presents findings from a systematic literature review that examined various forms of adolescent sexting, and as relevant to educator responsibilities in the support of prosocial behavior and teen dating violence (TDV) prevention within the United States. Proceeding in three parts, part [...] Read more.
This article presents findings from a systematic literature review that examined various forms of adolescent sexting, and as relevant to educator responsibilities in the support of prosocial behavior and teen dating violence (TDV) prevention within the United States. Proceeding in three parts, part one documents study methodology and offers an overview of adolescent sexting. This section also discusses tensions between sexting as adolescent empowerment and as a form of dating violence. This is followed by a deeper examination of how adolescent sexting is connected to other forms of sexual violence documented to disproportionately affect heterosexual females. Though laws on sexting are minimal, part three discusses U.S. federal and Supreme Court guidance having particular significance for this issue. This section also presents the case of New York State (NYS) to consider the connection between localized policies and schooling practices. Concerned with sexting as a form of consensual adolescent behavior, this article concludes with considerations for educational research, policy, and practice. This article contributes to established research literature weighing the prosocial aspects of sexting against those factors that contribute to and make it difficult to leave a violent relationship. Though empirical research was limited, it also highlights existent research on sexting as relevant to underserved and marginalized adolescent subgroups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leaving a Violent Relationship)
14 pages, 331 KiB  
Article
Stay or Leave Abusive Dating Relationships: Portuguese Victims’ Reasons and Barriers
by Sónia Caridade, Inês Pinheiro and Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis
Soc. Sci. 2020, 9(5), 84; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/socsci9050084 - 15 May 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5223
Abstract
The decision to stay or leave an abusive relationship is multifactorial and frequently involves a cyclic process involving several phases. This article presents a qualitative analysis regarding the reasons and barriers to stay or leave an abusive dating relationship, as well as the [...] Read more.
The decision to stay or leave an abusive relationship is multifactorial and frequently involves a cyclic process involving several phases. This article presents a qualitative analysis regarding the reasons and barriers to stay or leave an abusive dating relationship, as well as the challenges that it implies. A semi-structured, in-depth interview was used to collect data from thirteen dating victims, aged 17–30 years and mainly female (n = 12). The emotional and affective dependence of the partner and the belief that behaviour may change emerge as the main reasons presented by the victims to remain in an abusive relationship. Shame, fear of losing the partner, and failure to recognize the abusive relationship were reported as the main barriers to leave the abusive relationship, thus making it difficult to seek help. Understanding reasons to stay in, or barriers to leave, an abusive relationship is fundamental to promoting help-seeking behaviours in victims of dating violence (DV), particularly in the case of young people, since it has serious implications in the developmental pathway of this age group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leaving a Violent Relationship)
13 pages, 306 KiB  
Article
Intimate Partner Violence: Innovations in Theory to Inform Clinical Practice, Policy, and Research
by David Axlyn McLeod, Kirsten Havig, Anthony Natale and Angela Pharris
Soc. Sci. 2020, 9(5), 71; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/socsci9050071 - 07 May 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 10912
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and intergenerational transmission of IPV in families are destructive social issues in need of considerable attention. Knowledge of the multi-level, complex causes, and consequences of IPV in the United States has increased significantly over the last two decades. Given [...] Read more.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and intergenerational transmission of IPV in families are destructive social issues in need of considerable attention. Knowledge of the multi-level, complex causes, and consequences of IPV in the United States has increased significantly over the last two decades. Given these gains in learning, the authors’ aim here is to highlight recent critical and emerging theoretical perspectives on IPV. Frameworks included for application are intersectionality theory, historical trauma and decolonization, human rights, constructivist self-development theory, the posttraumatic growth paradigm, and adverse childhood experiences. This discussion will help to illuminate the dynamics of IPV that are actionable by practitioners using frameworks that promote cultural sensitivity, inclusion, and strengths-based practice with diverse populations. The authors discuss the scope of IPV while focusing on critical vulnerable people and exploring issues of relative privilege and oppression. Next, the authors review the historical body of theory informing understandings of IPV, and emerging theoretical frameworks on IPV. We offer conclusions throughout as they relate to the application of highlighted theories to IPV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leaving a Violent Relationship)
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